Homework 2 Flashcards
which of the following cell groups are considered highly sensitive?
a. lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythoblasts, and intestinal crypt cells
b. endothelial cells, osteoblasts, spermatids, and fibroblasts
c. muscle and nerve cells, and chondrocytes
d. mucle cells and osteoblasts
a. lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythoblasts, and intestinal crypt cells
Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE):
a. describes a measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as a charged particle travels through matter.
b. is a comparison of a dose of test radiation to a dose of 250-keV X-ray that produces the same biologic response.
c. is defined as the dose of radiation that produces a given biologic response under
anoxic conditions divided by the dose of radiation that produces the same biologic response under aerobic conditions.
d. states that stem cells are more radiosensitive than mature cells.
b. is a comparison of a dose of test radiation to a dose of 250-keV X-ray that
produces the same biologic response.
Which of the following body molecules are most commonly acted upon directly by ionizing radiation to produce indirect effects? a. lipids b. proteins c. carbohydrates d. water
d. water
The types of DNA molecule damage include:
- main-chain scission, one side rail broken
- main-chain scission, both side rails broken
- main-chain scission, resulting in cross-linking
- rung breakage, causing bases to separate
- a changing or loss of a base
a. 1 only
b. 2 and 3 only
c. 5 only
d. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
d. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
At low doses of radiation, most cellular radiation damage is the result of:
a. main-chain scission.
b. cross-linking.
c. point lesions.
d. gender.
c. point lesions
Nonthreshold:
a. means that an observed response is directly proportional to the dose.
b. means that an observed response is not directly proportional to the dose.
c. assumes that there is a radiation level reached under which there would be no effects observed.
d. assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect
d. assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect
According to target theory:
a. only direct effects can cause hits.
b. only indirect effects can cause hits.
c. RNA is considered the critical target.
d. DNA is considered the critical target.
d. DNA is considered the critical target.
Altering of a chromosome by a portion of it transferring either to another chromosome or to another section of the same chromosome
Translocation
A chromosome that has two centers or two centromeres
Dicentric
A measure of the rate at which energy is deposited from ionizing radiation to soft tissue
Linear energy transfer (LET)
A structural change or transformation of a chromosome that can be transmitted to offspring
Mutation
A group of cells that perform a particular function
System
A graphical representation of observed effects compared with radiation dose
Dose-response relationship (curve)
Cell death occurring before mitosis
interphase death
The amount of reaction or response of a cell to radiation
Radiosensitivity
Mutation of chromosome causing it to become ring-shaped
Ring
Enhanced cell response due to aerobic conditions
Oxygen effect
An atom that has an unpaired electron, making it highly reactive
free radical
Assist in protein synthesis
ribosomes
The process of cell division of somatic cells is known as:
a. mitosis
b. synthesis
c. meiosis
d. reduction division
a. mitosis
How does oxygen retention affect cell radiosensitivity?
a. increases radiosensitivity
b. decreases radiosensitivity
c. destroys radiosensitivity
d. does not affect radiosensitivity
a. increases radiosensitivity
Which of the following would be considered most radiosensitive?
a. a fetus
b. a pediatric patient
c. a teenage patient
d. an adult patient
a. a fetus
Which of the following measures the rate of energy lost along the track of an ionizing particle? a. relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) b. linear energy transfer (LET) c. oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) d. cell survival curve
b. linear energy transfer (LET)
Which of the following describes the shape of a DNA molecule?
a. oval
b. spherical
c. rectangular
d. double helix
d. double helix
How many matched pairs of chromosomes does a normal human cell contain?
a. 11
b. 23
c. 46
d. 47
b. 23
a DNA base sequence is altered, which of the following would occur?
a. a gene mutation
b. a gene duplication
c. a gene replication
d. formation of chromatin
a. a gene mutation
Of the following, which are considered the “building blocks” of protein synthesis?
a. chromosomes
b. genes
c. amino acids
d. lipids
c. amino acids
Which stage of cell division is also known as the “resting stage”?
a. prophase
b. anaphase
c. metaphase
d. interphase
d. interphase
The small areas of the DNA molecule that determine cell characteristics are named:
a. adenines
b. pyrimidines
c. genes
d. nucleolus
c. genes
Which of the following contains the human hereditary blueprint?
a. the RNA
b. the nucleolus
c. the gene
d. the ribosome
c. the gene
In which area of the cell is the majority of RNA located?
a. nucleolus
b. mitochondria
c. lysosomes
d. cytoplasm
d. cytoplasm
For protein synthesis to occur, messenger RNA (m-RNA) carries information to which of the following? a. DNA b. t-RNA c. chromosome d. ribosome
d. ribosome
Transfer RNA (t-RNA) carries which of the following in order to synthesize protein?
a. monosaccharides
b. polysaccharides
c. genes
d. amino acids
d. amino acids
The majority of a cell’s genetic information is found where?
a. nucleus
b. cytoplasm
c. t-RNA
d. nucleolus
a. nucleus
For protein synthesis to occur, messenger RNA (m-RNA) carries information to which of the following? a. DNA b. t-RNA c. chromosome d. ribosome
a. DNA
The following is in reference to the single set of chromosomes in a germ cell:
a. tetrad
b. haploid number
c. diploid number
d. tetroid number
b. haploid number
Which of the following measures the rate of energy lost along the track of an ionizing particle?
a. relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)
b. linear energy transfer (LET)
c. oxygen enhancement ratio (OER)
d. cell survival curve
b. linear energy transfer (LET)
What does the term interphase death mean?
a. Cells die prior to entering interphase.
b. Cells die prior to leaving interphase.
c. Cells die in between mitotic phases.
d. The organism dies.
a. Cells die prior to entering interphase.
The following is in reference to the single set of chromosomes in a germ cell:
a. tetrad
b. haploid number
c. diploid number
d. tetroid number
b. haploid number
Which of the following measures the rate of energy lost along the track of an ionizing particle?
a. relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)
b. linear energy transfer (LET)
c. oxygen enhancement ratio (OER)
d. cell survival curve
b. linear energy transfer (LET)
What does the term interphase death mean?
a. Cells die prior to entering interphase.
b. Cells die prior to leaving interphase.
c. Cells die in between mitotic phases.
d. The organism dies.
a. Cells die prior to entering interphase.
Why is free radical formation considered such a threat to humans?
a. free radicals produce scatter radiation
b. free radicals can penetrate any type of shielding
c. free radicals have been proven to have carcinogenic effects
d. free radicals have been observed to produce toxic effects
d. free radicals have been observed to produce toxic effects
According to the target theory, which of the following is thought to be the principal target of cell damage?
a. RNA
b. DNA
c. cytoplasm
d. ribosomes
b. DNA
What does the term “indirect effect” of ionizing radiation refer to?
a. Genetic effects are produced.
b. An ionization occurs directly on the target molecule.
c. An ionization occurs in one location that can produce effects at a distant location.
d. Organism death occurs.
c. An ionization occurs in one location that can produce effects at a distant location.
Which of the following is the term used to describe the separation of water into hydrogen and oxygen following irradiation? a. duplication b. synthesis c. radioactivity d. radiolysis
d. radiolysis
Which of the following is used for expressing occupational exposure?
a. rem
b. rad
c. roentgen
d. LET
a. rem
As linear energy transfer (LET) increases, how is relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)
affected?
a. With an increase in LET, RBE also increases.
b. With an increase in LET, RBE decreases.
c. With an increase in LET, RBE is neutralized.
d. RBE is not affected by LET.
a. With an increase in LET, RBE also increases.
To correctly make a DNA base pair, guanine must be bonded to:
a. thymine
b. cytosine
c. guanine
d. adenine
b. cytosine
The type of irradiation damage most likely to cause abnormalities in base sequences, and thus cell mutation, would be a. single-strand breaks b. double-strand breaks c. cross-linking d. base damage
d. base damage
