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AQA GCSE chemistry > Test 2 - rates of reaction and organic chemistry > Flashcards

Test 2 - rates of reaction and organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the rate of a reaction?

A

how fast the reactants are changed into products

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2
Q

What is an example of a slow reaction?

A

rusting of iron

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3
Q

Give an example of a moderate reaction?

A

metal magnesium reacting with an acid

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4
Q

Give an example of a fast reaction?

A

burning, explosions

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5
Q

How do you find speed of a reaction?

A

recording amount of product formed or amount of product used up

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6
Q

What does a steep line on the graph show?

A

fast reaction

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7
Q

What does the rate of a reaction depend on?

A
  • collision frequency of particles (more collisions, faster reaction)
  • energy transferred in reaction
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8
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the minimum amount of energy that particles need to react

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9
Q

Why do particles have to overcome activation energy?

A

break the bonds in the reactants and start the reaction

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10
Q

What four things does the rate of reaction depend on?

A
  • temperature
  • concentration
  • surface area
  • catalyst
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11
Q

Explain how increasing temp increases rate of reaction?

A
  • temp increased and particles move faster, more collisions
  • higher temp also means higher energy of collisions
  • more succesfull collisions, more particles coliding with enough energy
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12
Q

Explain why increasing surface area increases ROR?

A
  • more particles will be exposed compared to volume
  • particles around will have more area to work, frequency increases
  • increase ROR
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13
Q

Explain why increasing concentration increases ROR?

A
  • more particles of reactant in same volume, collisions more likely - faster reaction
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14
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

gives out energy to the surroundings resulting in temperature rise of surroundings

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15
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

takes in energy from from surrroundings resulitng in temperature decrease in suroundings

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16
Q

WHat is enthalpy change?

A

overall change in energy in a reaction

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17
Q

Whta is a catalyst?

A

a substance which increases the rate of reaction without being chemically used up or changed in a reaction, usually finding an alternate pathway

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18
Q

Why do catalysts work?

A
  • lower the activation energy

- more particles have minimum amount of energy needed for reaction to occur when particles collide

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19
Q

rate of reaction equation?

A

amount of reactant used or amount of product formed / time

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20
Q

What are the names of the three rates of reaction experiments?

A
  • precipitation
  • change in mass
  • volume of gas given off
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21
Q

Describe the precipitation experiment?

A
  • two see through solutions produce precipitate
  • mix reactants in chronicle flask over cross on paper
  • time how long it takes for cross to disappear
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22
Q

Describe change in mass experiment?

A
  • as gas released, mass decreases

- time how long for balance to stop changing

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23
Q

Describe the volume of gas given off experiment?

A
  • use gas syringe to collect gas

- time how long till gas syringe stops

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24
Q

How can you measure how surface area effects rate?

A

look in book for experiment

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25
Q

What is a reversible reaction?

A

where the products of the reaction can react with each other and convert back to the original reactants

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26
Q

Give an example of a reversible reaction?

A

thermal decomposition of ammonium chloride

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27
Q

Explain why thermal decomposition of ammonium chloride is a reversible reaction?

A
  • ammonium chloride is a white solid so when heated it breaks down into ammonia and hydrogen chloride
  • of let cool the ammonia and hydrogen chloride react to re-form solid
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28
Q

What is a general formula?

A
  • algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds
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29
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms in compound

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30
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

actual number of atoms of each element

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31
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

shows how atoms are arranged

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32
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

shows arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon

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33
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a group of compounds that can be represented by the same general formula

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34
Q

What is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts

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35
Q

What are the stem words for number of carbons?

A 
meth 
eth 
prop 
but
pent 
hex
36
Q

What are isomers?

A

two or more molecules with the same molecular formulae but differant structural formula

37
Q

What do isomers have?

A

diffferant physical properties

38
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

molecules only made of carbon and hydrogen

39
Q

What is crude oil?

A

mixuture of substances - mostly hydrocarbons

40
Q

How are compounds in crude oil seperated?

A

fractional distillation

41
Q

What is crude oil seperated in?

A

fractionating column

42
Q

Where is the hottest part of a fractionating column?

A

bottom

43
Q

What do longer hydrocarbons have?

A

high boiling points

44
Q

Where do longer hydrocarbons seperate out?

A

the bottom

45
Q

What do bubble caps do?

A

stop seperated liquid from running out down the column and remixing

46
Q

What are the two types of hydrocarbons?

A

saturated and unsaturated

47
Q

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

only contain single bonds between carbon atoms

48
Q

What are unsaturated hydrocarbons>

A

have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

49
Q

What is the order fractions from top to bottom?

A
  • refinery gases
  • gasoline
  • kerosene
  • diesel
  • fuel oil
  • bitumen
50
Q

What is cracking?

A

splitting up long chain hydrocarbons

51
Q

describe long hydrocarbons?

A

high boiling points and viscous

52
Q

describe shorter hydrocarbons?

A

lower boiling points are much thinner and paler

53
Q

What is the high demand for (long or short hydrocarbons?

A

short hydrocarbons

54
Q

What is diesel cracked into?

A
  • petrol
  • paraffin
  • ethene for polymers
55
Q

What is cracking a form of?

A

thermal decomposition

56
Q

What does cracking also produce?

A

alkenes

57
Q

What are the conditions for cracking?

A
  • passed over powdered catalyst at about 600-700 degrees. alkane is heated until vaporised then breaks down when comes into contact with catalyst producing short chain alkanes and alkenes
58
Q

Which catalysts can be used in cracking?

A
  • silica

- alumina

59
Q

What happens when you burn a fuel?

A

releases energy in form of heat

60
Q

Why do hydrocarbons make great fuels?

A

combustion reaction that happens when you burn them in oxygen give out lots of energy

61
Q

hydrocarbon + oxygen = ?

A

carbon dioxide + water

62
Q

What type of reaction is hydrogen + oxygen?

A

complete combustion

63
Q

What does incomplete combustion produce?

A

carbon monoxide + soot + carbon

64
Q

Why does incomplete combustion occur?

A

not enough oxygen

65
Q

What is the problem with carbon monoxide?

A

combines to red blood cells and stops blood doing proper job

66
Q

Why is acid rain formed?

A
  • sulfer dioxide

- nitrogen oxides

67
Q

How is sulfer dioxide and nitrogen oxides formed?

A

when fractions from crude oils are burned

68
Q

Why is sulfer dioxide formed?

A

comes from sulfer impurities in hydrocarbon fuel

69
Q

How is nitrogen oxides formed?

A
  • when temp is high enough for nitrogen and oxygen react in the air
70
Q

What is made when sulfer dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with water vapour?

A
  • dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid
71
Q

What is wrong with acid rain?

A

causes lakes to become acidic and many plants and animals die as a result

72
Q

What are alkanes?

A

saturated hydrocarbons

73
Q

What is alkane general formula?

A

CnH2n+2

74
Q

What are the names of the first five alkanes?

A 
methane 
ethane 
propane 
butane 
pentane
75
Q

What do alkanes burn in?

A

complete combustion reactions

76
Q

What can react with alkanes? to form what?

A

halogens to form haloalkanes

77
Q

What is needed to make a haloalkane?

A

ultraviolet light

78
Q

What type of reaction is a haloalkane made?

A

substitution

79
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

hydrogen atom from alkane is substituted with chlorine or bromine

80
Q

What do alkenes have?

A

carbon to carbon double bond - unsaturated

81
Q

name the first three alkenes?

A

ethene
propene
butene

82
Q

What is the alkene general formula?

A

CnH2n

83
Q

What can alkenes react with?

A

halogens

84
Q

What does alkene + halogen make ?

A

haloalkanes

85
Q

What is the alkene + halogen reaction an example of?

A

addition reaction

86
Q

How do you test for a alkene?

A

shake alkene with orange bromine water - solution will become colourless

AQA GCSE chemistry (10 decks)

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