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AQA GCSE chemistry > Summer assessment 3 > Flashcards

Summer assessment 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are ions?

A

charged particles

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2
Q

What is ionic bonding between?

A

a metal and non-metal

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3
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to one another by electrostatic attrations

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4
Q

What does ionic bonding form?

A

giant ionic structure

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5
Q

Describe giant ionic structure?

A
  • ions held together by closely packed 3D lattice arrangement
  • strong electrostatic attraction
  • high melt + boiling point
  • not electrical conductors when solid, only when dissolve in water or melt them
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6
Q

Definition of covalent bond?

A

strong electrostatic attraction between negatively charged shared electrons and the positively changed nuclei of the atoms involved

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7
Q

Describe simple molecular structures?

A
  • very strong covalent bond
  • weak intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules
  • low melting and boiling point
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8
Q

Describe giant covalent structures?

A
  • strong covalent bond
  • high melting and boiling
  • dont conduct electricity
  • insoluble in water
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9
Q

Describe diamond?

A
  • network of carbon atoms with four covalent bonds
  • strong covalent bonds
  • high melting point
  • hard rigid lattice structure
  • doesnt conduct
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10
Q

Describe graphite?

A
  • each carbon forms three covalent bonds
  • layers of carbon atoms with weak intermolecular forces which can slide over each other making it slippery and soft
  • high melt and boil
  • one delocalised electron and can conduct electricity
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11
Q

Describe C60 fullerene?

A
  • hollow sphere with 60 carbon atoms
  • intermolecular foces which can slide over each other - soft
  • one delcocalised but cant move molecules so poor conductor
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12
Q

What are alkanes?

A

saturated hydrocarbons

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13
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms

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14
Q

alkanes general formula?

A

CnH2n+2

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15
Q

name the first five alkanes?

A 
methane
ethane
propane
butane 
pentane
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16
Q

WHat do alkanes burn in?

A

combustion reactions

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17
Q

What does complete combustion of alkane make?

A

carbon dioxide + water

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18
Q

What can alkanes react with? to form?

A

halogens to make haloalkanes

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19
Q

what is needed for the substitution reaction?

A

UV light

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20
Q

Methane + bromine =?

A

bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

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21
Q

What is electric current?

A

flow of electrons or ions

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22
Q

What charge do electrons have?

A

negative

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23
Q

What happens when electrons or ions move?

A

they cause the material to conduct electricity

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24
Q

When do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

A

when molten or in a solution ( ions are separate and c an move in the solution)

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25
Q

How are metals held together?

A

by metallic bonding

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26
Q

Describe metallic bonding?

A

electrostatic attraction between the positive ions and the electrons

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27
Q

What are metals good conductors of?

A

electricity and heat

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28
Q

How are most metals malleable?

A

layers of ions in a metal can slide over each other

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29
Q

percentage yeild?

A

actual yield/ theoretical yeild x100

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30
Q

concentration?

A

moles/ volume

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31
Q

volume=?

A

moles x 24

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32
Q

which three metals have properties in commen?

A

iron, aluminium and copper

33
Q

What are the general properties of iron, aluminium and copper?

A
  • dense and lustrous
  • high melting points
  • high tensile strength, strong and hard to break
  • malleable
  • good electrical and heat conductors
34
Q

Properties and uses of iron?

A
  • adding other metals can change its properties
  • wrought iron is almost completely pure iron and is malleable, used for gates and railings
  • iron corrodes easily
35
Q

Properties of aluminium?

A
  • doesnt corrode easily
  • reacts very quickly with oxygen to form aluminium oxide
  • used for cans
  • light as not dense
  • bike frames and aeroplanes
36
Q

Properties of copper?

A
  • good conductor of heat and electricity
  • used in electrical currents and wiring as it has low resistance so very efficient
  • used i. heating systems
37
Q

What do pure metals not always have?

A

the properties needed

38
Q

What are alloys?

A

adding other elements to the metal

39
Q

Describe adding alloys?

A

new atoms will distort the layers of metal atoms making it more difficult for them to slide over each other

40
Q

How are steels made?

A

adding small amounts of carbon and sometimes other metals to iron

41
Q

What are the three types of steeel?

A

low carbon steel, high carbon steel and stainless steel

42
Q

Properties and use of low carbon steel?

A

easily shaped, car bodies

43
Q

Properties and use of high carbon steel?

A
  • very strong
  • inflexible
  • hard
  • bridges
44
Q

Properties and uses of stainless steal?

A

corrosion- resistant, hard

cutlery

45
Q

What does the rate of chemical reaction depend on?

A
  • collision frequency of reacting particles. The more collisions there are the faster the reaction
  • energy transferred during a collision
46
Q

What is activation energy?

A

minimum amount of energy that particles need to react

47
Q

Describe surface area rate practical?

A
  • set up conical flask with dilute HCL, calcium carbonate marble chips with a syringe from the top
  • measure volume of gas produced with syringe
  • repeat with more mashed up marble chips
48
Q

What is general formula?

A
  • algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

CnH2n

49
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each eleemnt in a compound

CH2

50
Q

WHat is molecular formula?

A

the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

C2H4

51
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

shows how atoms are arranged and the bonds between them

52
Q

What is structural formula?

A

shows arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon with attached hydrogens and functioanal group

CH2CH2

53
Q

What is a homolgous series?

A

group of compounds that can be all represented by the same general formula

54
Q

What is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts

55
Q

What are isomers?

A

have the same molecular formula but atoms are arranged differently

56
Q

what do fuels release energy in?

A

combustion reactions

57
Q

WHat is the reaction for when hydrocarbons burn in plenitful supply of air?

A

hydrogen + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

58
Q

IF there is not enough oxygen for a complete combustion reaction, what happens?

A

incomplete combustion

59
Q

WHat is the equation for incomplete combustion?

A

hydrogen + oxygen = water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and carbon

60
Q

What is the problem with carbon monoxide?

A

can combine to red blood cells and stop your blood from carrying oxygen

61
Q

WHat is acid rain caused by?

A

sulfer dioxide and nitrogen oxides

62
Q

How are sulfer dioxide and nitrogen oxides produced?

A

when fractions from crude oils are burned as fuels

63
Q

Where does the sulfer dioxide come from?

A

sulfer impurities in the hydrogen fuels

64
Q

Where does the nitrogen oxides come from?

A

created when the temperature is high enough for nitrogen to react with oxygne

65
Q

WHat does nitrogen oxides include?

A

nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

66
Q

What happens when nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide mix together with water vapour?

A

form dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid

67
Q

What is the problem with acid rain?

A

causes lakes to become acidic and many plants and animals die as a result

68
Q

What are polymers?

A

substances of high average ram made by joining lots of small repeating units called monomers

69
Q

WHat type of bond do the monomers in addition polymers have?

A

double bond

70
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

when unsaturated monomer molecules open their carbon-carbon double bonds and join together to form polymer chains

71
Q

WHat is needed for addition polymerisation?

A

pressure and catalyst

72
Q

What does ethene become in addition polymerisation?

A

poly(ethene)

73
Q

What are most polymers?

A

inert - becuase the carbon to carbon bonds in polymer chain are very strong and arnt easily broken

74
Q

What is problem with polymers?

A

dont biodegrade easily and release toxic gases when burned so have to be reused

75
Q

What reaction can you do to make insoluble salts?

A

precipitation reactions

76
Q

What is the precipitation reaction?

A

using two soluble salts and reacting together to get an insoluble one

77
Q

Lead sulfate word equation?

A

lead nitrate + magnesium sulfate = lead sulfate + magnesium nitrate

78
Q

Explain how to make lead sulfate?

A
  • add spatula lead nitrate and dissolve in water in test tube. shake
  • repeat with magnesium sulfate in different test tube
  • mix together in small beaker and stir until lead sulfate precipitates out
  • filter in chonical flask
  • swill beaker with deionised water to make sure you get all precipitate
  • scrape lead sulfate onto fresh filter paper and leave to dry in oven or desiccator

AQA GCSE chemistry (10 decks)

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