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AQA GCSE chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

group of compounds that can all be represented by the same general formula

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2
Q

What do molecules in a homologous series contain?

A

the same functional group

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3
Q

What is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms that determine how a compound usually reacts

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4
Q

What are the first six stems in a carbon chain?

A 
meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
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5
Q

what is the prefix for alkanes?

A

ane

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6
Q

What is the prefix for alkenes?

A

ene

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7
Q

What is the prefix for alcohols?

A

ol

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8
Q

What is the prefix for carboxylic acid?

A

oic acid

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9
Q

What is the prefix for esters?

A

alkyl

anoate

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10
Q

What is an isomer?

A

two molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently - different structural formula

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11
Q

What do isomers have incomen?

A

similar chemical properties

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12
Q

What do isomers have differently?

A

physical properties - boiling point

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13
Q

What can some isomers have?

A

different functional group - different physical and chemical properties

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14
Q

What is crude oil?

A

a mixture of substances which can be separated by fractional distillation

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15
Q

What is crude oil seperated in?

A

fractioning column

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16
Q

Where is the shortest number of carbon chains in the fractioning column?

A

at the top

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17
Q

Where is the hottest place in a fractioning column?

A

bottom

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18
Q

What 6 fractions do you get in a fractioning column?

A
  • refinery gases
  • gasoline
  • kerosene
  • diesel
  • fuel oil
  • bitumen
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19
Q

Explain how a fractioning column works?

A
  • oil heated until most of it has turned to gas, enters column
  • when the substances reach part of column where temp is lower then their boiling point they condense
  • bubble caps stop the separated liquids from running back down and remixing.
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20
Q

What might each fraction contain?

A

saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

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21
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

only contains single bonds

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22
Q

What is an unsaturated hydro carbon?

A

have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

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23
Q

What is cracking?

A

splitting up long chain hydrocarbons

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24
Q

Describe long hydrocarbons?

A

high boiling points and viscous

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25
Q

Describe shorter hydrocarbons?

A

lower boiling point and much thinner + paler

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26
Q

Which is in more demand ( shorter of longer hydrocarbons)

A

short-chain

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27
Q

What is done to meet short chain demand?

A

long chain molecules are split using cracking

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28
Q

What is cracking a form of?

A

thermal decomposition

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29
Q

describe cracking?

A
  • vaporised hydrocarbon are passed over a powdered catalyst
  • 600-700 degrees Celsius
  • silica or alumina are used as catalyst
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30
Q

What happens when you burn a fuel?

A

releases energy to form heat

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31
Q

Why do hydrocarbons make great fuels?

A

because combustion reactions that happen when you burn them in oxygen give out lots of energy

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32
Q

Give the word equation for when a hydrocarbon burns in plentiful supply of oxygen? ( complete combustion)

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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33
Q

What happens if there is not enough oxygen for complete combustion to occur?

A

incomplete combustion

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34
Q

What does incomplete combustion make?

A

carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + carbon

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35
Q

What is the problem with carbon monoxide?

A

combines with red blood cells and stops blood doing its job of carrying oxygen around the body

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36
Q

What is acid rain caused by?

A

sulfer dioxide and nitrogen oxides

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37
Q

what happens when fractions from crude oils are burned as fuels?

A
  • sulfer dioxide and nitrogen oxides may be produced
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38
Q

What does sulfer dioxide come from?

A

sulfer impurities in the hydrocarbon fuels

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39
Q

What are nitrogen oxides from?

A

when temp is so high nitrogen reacts with air

40
Q

What happens when sulfer dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix together with water vapour in the clouds?

A
  • form dilute sulphuric acid and nitric acid
41
Q

What is the problem with acid rain?

A

causes lakes to become acidic and many plants and animals die as a result

42
Q

What are alkanes?

A

saturated hydrocarbons

43
Q

What is the alkanes general formula?

A

CnH2n+2

44
Q

What are the first 5 alkanes?

A 
methane 
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
45
Q

What does an alkane + oxygen ->?

A

carbon dioxide + water

46
Q

What do halogens react with alkanes to form?

A

haloalkanes

47
Q

What do chlorine + bromine react with alkanes in the presence of?

A

UV light

48
Q

methane + bromine ->?

A

bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

49
Q

What do alkenes have?

A

double bond between two of the carbon atoms in their chain

50
Q

What are alkenes?

A

unsaturated molecules because they can make more bonds

51
Q

What are the first three alkenes?

A

ethene, propene, butene

52
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

53
Q

What do halogens form when they react with alkenes?

A

haloalkanes

54
Q

ethene + bromine ->

A

dibromoethane

55
Q

What is the reaction called when a alkene + halogen react together?

A

addition reaction because the carbon to carbon double bond is split and a halogen atom is added to each of the carbons

56
Q

Explain how to test for carbon to carbon double bonds?

A
  • shake an alkene with orange bromine water, becomes colourless
  • stay orange with alkane
57
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

OH

58
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

59
Q

What can alcohols be oxidised to form?

A

carboxylic acids

60
Q

What do you need to oxidise alcohols?

A

potassium dichromate in dilute sulphuric acid

61
Q

ethanol (with pressense of potassium dichromate/ sulfuric acid) ->

A

ethanoic acid

62
Q

What does microbial oxidation form?

A

carboxylic acids from alcohols

63
Q

What are some microorganisms able to use some alcohols as? what is made as a by product

A
  • energy store

- carboxylic acid

64
Q

What happens to alcohols when they are burned?

A

oxidised - complete combustion

65
Q

ethanol + oxygen ->

A

carbon dioxide + water

66
Q

What can ethanol be produced from?

A

ethene and steam

fermentation

67
Q

Explain how ethanol can be produced by steam and ethene?

A
  • ethene is produced from crude oil
  • ethene will react with steam - addition reaction
  • temperature needs to be 300 degrees celcius
  • 60-70 atmospheres of pressure
  • phosphoric acid as catalyst
68
Q

What is the advantage of ethanol form steam and ethene?

A
  • cheap process

- not much wasted

69
Q

What is the disadvantage of ethanol form steam and ethene?

A

crude oil is non renewable, will become expensive

70
Q

What is the alcohol in beer and wine made from?

A

fermentation

71
Q

What is the raw material for fermentation?

A

sugar

72
Q

What is the sugar in fermentation converted into?

A

ethanol using yeast

73
Q

Describe the conditions fermentation?

A
  • yeast cells contain enzymes which are natural catalysts
  • 30 degrees Celsius so enzymes don’t denature
  • anaerobic conditions
74
Q

What are the advantages of fermentation?

A
  • renewable source
  • suger is grown as a major crop around world
  • yeast is easy to grow
75
Q

What are the disadvantages of fermentation?

A
  • ethanol isn’t very concentrated - has to be distilled

- needs to be purified

76
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

77
Q

What are the first 4 names of the carboxylic acids?

A

methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
propanoic acid
butanoic acid

78
Q

What can carboxylic acids react to form?

A

salts - ending in annotate

79
Q

What will carboxylic acids in aqueous solutions form when reacted with metal carbonates?

A

salt, water, carbon dioxide

80
Q

aqueous carboxylic acid + metal ->

A

salt + hydrogen

81
Q

Ethnoic acid + sodium carbonate =

A

sodium ethanoate + water + CO2

82
Q

ethnic acid + magnesium =

A

magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen

83
Q

What do carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters in the presence of?

A

an acid catalyst

84
Q

What does vinegar contain?

A

carboxylic acid

85
Q

How can ethnic acid be made?

A

oxidising ethanol

86
Q

ethanol + oxygen =

A

ethanoic acid + water

87
Q

Ethanoic acid can be dissolved in water to form?

A

vinegar

88
Q

alcohol + carboxylic acid ->

A

ester + water

89
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

COO

90
Q

ethanol + ethanoic acid -> ?

A

ethyl ethanoate + water

91
Q

Explain how to make esters in a lab?

A
  • add few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to boiling tube
  • add 10 drops of ethnic acid
  • add equal volume of ethanol
  • place boiling tube in beaker of water on a tripod
  • heat until boiling
  • after 1 min allow tube to cool
  • pour mixture into test tube of sodium carbonate solution and mix
  • layer of ester should form on top
92
Q

What are esters used in?

A

perfumes because of pleasant smells

food flavourings

93
Q

What can polymers be made into?

A

condensation polymerisation

94
Q

What do condensation polymerisation usually involve?

A

two differant types of monomer

95
Q

What happens when monomers react together?

A

bonds form between them, making polymer chains

96
Q

WHat does each polymer have to contain?

A

has to contain at least two functional groups, one on each end of molecule

97
Q

What can each functional group react with?

A

functional group of another monomer, creating long chains of alternating monomers, for each new bond that forms, a small molecule is lost

AQA GCSE chemistry (10 decks)

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