Inorganic chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 gases in the atmosphere?
A
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen argon
2
Q
What % of argon is in the air?
A
nearly 1%
3
Q
What % of nitrogen is in the air?
A
78%
4
Q
What % of oxygen is in the air?
A
21%
5
Q
What % of CO2 is in the air?
A
0.04%
6
Q
What two things can be used to measure the oxygen in the air and why?
A
iron, iron reacts with oxygen in the air to form rust, so will remove oxygen from air
phosphorous
7
Q
what is the formula for calculating volume?
A
start volume - final volume / start volume X100
8
Q
How do you determine the amount of oxygen with phosphorous?
A
- place in tube and attach two gas syringes to each side
- one syringe should be filled with air one not
- heat, pushing the air between both syringes
- as reacts air will decrease
- measure start and final volume of gas
- use formula
9
Q
How do you calculate the amount of oxygen in the air with iron?
A
- soak iron wool with acetic acid
- push wool into measuring cylinder and invert it and place in water beaker
- record starting position on measuring cylinder
- overtime water will rise as iron reacts to form iron oxide
- leave water cylinder until water stops changing and record final value
- use formula
10
Q
What is formed when an element is burned in the air?
A
reacts to form an oxide
11
Q
Explain how magnesium reacts with oxygen?
A
bright white flame, white powder formed
12
Q
Explain how hydrogen reacts with air?
A
very easily, orange/yellow flame
13
Q
Explain how sulfur reacts with air?
A
pale blue falme
14
Q
What does the thermal decomposition of metal carbonates produce?
A
CO2 and metal oxide
15
Q
What colour and substance is copper carbonate?
A
green powder
16
Q
What will copper carbonate decompose to form?
A
copper oxide and CO2
17
Q
Explain how to do a thermal decomposition experiment?
A
place copper carbonate in a test tube with bung horizontally and heat this part, coming gout of that test time is a tube connected to another test tube which collects the CO2 gas
18
Q
What is the temperature of the earth a balance between?
A
heat it gets from sun and heat it radiates into space
19
Q
`what do gases in the atmosphere act like for the earth?
A
an insulating layer
20
Q
What do green house gases do?
A
absorb most of the heat that would-be radiated into space and reradiate it in all directions back to earth
21
Q
how are humans effects CO2 levels?
A
- deforestation
- burning fossil fuels
22
Q
What is increasing CO2 linked to?
A
climate change
23
Q
what is climate change?
A
earths temperatures increasing
24
Q
What other global warming does climate change cause?
A
change to rainfall, flooding
25
metal + acid =
salt + hydrogen
26
What do how metals react with acids tell you?
their reactivity
27
How can you tell the reactivity of a metal by using acids?
the more reactive the metal, the faster the reaction
28
Explain a practical to investigate the difference in reactivities of different metals?
- fill up 3 boiling tubes and add the same amount of acid to all
- place pieces of magnesium, iron and zinc in different ones
- speed of reaction is indicated by the rate at which hydrogen bubbles are given off
-
29
metal + water =
metal hydroxide + hydrogen
30
Which metals will react vigorously with water?
potassium, lithium, sodium, calcium
31
what will less reactive metals react with?
steam
32
less reactive metal + steam =
metal oxide + hydrogen
33
give examples of less reactive metals?
magnesium zinc and iron
34
Give the reactivity series?
most reactive to least
```
Potassium
sodium
lithium
calcium
magnesium
aluminium
zinc
iron
copper
silver
gold
```
35
What is iron used for?
building construction, car manufacture, garden furniture
36
What is the problem with iron ?
it rusts or corrodes easily
37
When does rusting happen?
when iron is in direct contact with water and oxygen
38
What type of reaction is iron corroding?
oxidation
39
What is the word equation for iron rusting?
iron + oxygen + water ----> hydrated iron (III) oxide
40
What are the two main ways to prevent rusting?
barrier methods
| sacrificial methods
41
What are the barrier methods?
painting or coating with plastic
| oiling or greasing - moving parts
42
What is the sacrificial methods?
placing a more reactive metal with the iron so that it rusts instead of iron
zinc is often used - sprayed on ( galvanising) or used as a metal block- used on hulls
43
What is oxidation?
loss of electrons
44
What is reduction?
gain of electrons
45
What is an oxidising agent?
substance that is reduced - gains electrons
46
What is a reducing agent?
substance that gets oxidised - looses electrons
47
What are metal ores?
metal that has reacted with other elements to form a compound that is worthwhile extracting
48
Why are metal ores protected?
they are a finite resource and limited amounts
49
If a metal is very reactive the....
harder it is to extract from compound
50
How can the metal be separated from from its oxide?
reduction reaction
51
What is the most common reduction reaction for metal ores?
uses carbon as a reducing agent - heating the ore with carbon monoxide
52
What is the problem with using carbon to extract metals?
only metals that are less reactive then it can be extracted
53
What types of ores do very reactive metals form?
very stable ores
54
What can you use to extract when the metal is more reactive then carbon?
electrolysis
55
what is electrolysis?
uses electricity to separate metal
56
What does how you make a salt depend on?
whether its soluble or insoluble
57
What does soluble mean?
soluble things dissolve in water
58
What does an insoluble salt form?
precipitate
59
Are common salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium soluble or insoluble?
soluble
60
What are nitrates?
soluble
61
Are common chlorides soluble or insoluble?
soluble
62
Which common chlorides are not soluble?
silver chloride and lead chloride
63
Are common sulphates soluble or insoluble?
soluble
64
Which common sulphates are not soluble?
lead, barium and calcium sulphate
65
Are common carbonates soluble or insoluble?
insoluble
66
Which common carbonates are soluble?
sodium potassium and ammonium
67
Are common hydroxides soluble or insoluble?
insoluble
68
Which common hydroxides are soluble?
sodium, potassium and calcium
69
What can you use to make a pure, dry sample of an insoluble salt?
precipitation reaction
70
How do you produce an insoluble salt?
mix two soluble salts together
71
Explain how to make insoluble lead sulphate?
- add 1 spatula of lead nitrate to test tube
- add water to dissolve it and shake thoroughly
- repeat with magnesium sulfate in different test tube
- mix together in small beaker, lead sulfate should precipitate out
- filter out the precipitate twice to make sure with deionised water
- leave to dry lead sulfate in an oven or a desiccator
72
What do flame tests identify?
metal ion - cations
73
lithium flame colour?
red
74
sodium flame colour?
yellow
75
potassium flame colour?
lilac
76
calcium flame colour?
orange red
77
copper flame colour?
blue - green
78
What are the basics to a flame test?
clean a platinum wire loop by dripping it In dilute HCL, then hold in flame, add sample then put in flame
79
Acronym for flame tests?
```
little red
salmon yell
pointless lines
causing o-rangotangs
copper blues
```
80
What is another way to work out which cations are present?
using precipitates of metal hydroxides when reacted with sodium hydroxide
81
How do you start the precipitate tests?
add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution to mystery solution in test tube
82
What precipitate does copper form?
blue
83
What precipitate does iron (II) form?
sludgy green
84
What precipitate does iron (III) form?
reddish brown
85
what is distinctive about ammonia?
very smelly
86
How can you check for the cation ammonia?
red litmus paper will turn blue
87
How do you prepare an ammonia test?
add some sodium hydroxide to mystery solution in test tube
88
What can you use to detect anion carbonates?
hydrochloric acid
89
what is given off if carbonate is present?
carbon dioxide
90
What can you use to test for anion sulfates?
HCL and barium chloride
91
Explain test for anion sulfates?
- add dilute HCl followed by barium chloride solution
| - a white precipitate will form
92
How do you test for chloride, bromide or iodide anions?
add dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution
93
What precipitate does anion chloride give off?
white
94
What precipitate does anion bromide give off?
cream
95
What precipitate does anion iodide give off?
yellow
96
How do you test for chlorine?
bleaches damp blue litmus paper turning it white
97
How do you test for oxygen?
relights a glowing splint
98
How do you test for carbon dioxide?
turns limewater cloudy
99
How do you test for hydrogen?
squeaky pop with lighted splint
100
How do you test for ammonia?
turns damp red litmus paper blue
101
What can you use to test for water?
copper sulfate crystals
102
What happens when copper sulfate is bound to water>
blue crystals form
103
What happens if you heat blue hydrated copper sulfate crystals?
drives water off, leaving a white anhydrous copper sulfate powder
104
How do you know if water is pure?
boil st 100, freeze at 0
105
What are the alkali metals?
group 1
106
what does alkali metal + water ?
metal hydroxide + hydrogen
107
What does alkali metal + oxygen = ?
metal oxide
108
Lithium +oxygen = ?
lithium oxide
109
Sodium + oxygen = ?
sodium oxide + sodium peroxide
110
Potassium + oxygen =?
potassium peroxide + potassium superoxide
111
Do group 1 become more or less reactive as you go down?
more reactive
112
Why do group 1 become more reactive as you go down
outermost electron becomes furthest away so attraction becomes less.
113
WHat are the halogens?
group 7
114
As you go down group 7...?
higher boiling point , less reactive
115
What is chlorine?
green gas
116
WHat is bromine?
red- brown liquid which gives off orange vapour at room temp
117
What is iodine?
dark grey crystalline solid which gives off purple vapour
118
What is a displacement reaction?
where a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound
119
What is oxidation?
loss of electrons
120
what is a gain of electrons
reduction
121
What is an oxidising agent?
accepts electrons and gets reduced
122
What is a reducing agent?
looses electrons and becomes oxidised
123
Which three metals have properties in common?
iron, aluminium, copper
124
What are basic properties of all iron, aluminium and copper?
- dense + lustrous
- high melting points
- high tensile strength
- malleable
- good electrical + head conductors
125
What are the colours of litmus paper?
- red in acid, purple in nuetral, blue in alkali
126
Colours of phenolphthalein?
colourless in acid, pink in alkali
127
Colours of methyl orange?
red in acid and yellow in alkali
128
Definition of acid?
source of hydrogen ions, proton donars
129
Definition of a base?
proton acceptors and source of hydrogen ions
130
What is nuetralisation?
reaction between an acid and base
131
using H ions show nuetralisation?
H+ + OH- = H20
132
Acid + base =?
salt + water
133
acid + metal oxide = ?
salt + water
134
acid + metal hydroxidd +
salt + water
135
Acid + ammonia?
ammonium salt
136
acid + metal carbonate =?
salt + water + carbon dioxide
