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AQA GCSE chemistry > Inorganic chemistry > Flashcards

Inorganic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 gases in the atmosphere?

A

nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen argon

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2
Q

What % of argon is in the air?

A

nearly 1%

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3
Q

What % of nitrogen is in the air?

A

78%

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4
Q

What % of oxygen is in the air?

A

21%

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5
Q

What % of CO2 is in the air?

A

0.04%

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6
Q

What two things can be used to measure the oxygen in the air and why?

A

iron, iron reacts with oxygen in the air to form rust, so will remove oxygen from air

phosphorous

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7
Q

what is the formula for calculating volume?

A

start volume - final volume / start volume X100

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8
Q

How do you determine the amount of oxygen with phosphorous?

A
  • place in tube and attach two gas syringes to each side
  • one syringe should be filled with air one not
  • heat, pushing the air between both syringes
  • as reacts air will decrease
  • measure start and final volume of gas
  • use formula
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9
Q

How do you calculate the amount of oxygen in the air with iron?

A
  • soak iron wool with acetic acid
  • push wool into measuring cylinder and invert it and place in water beaker
  • record starting position on measuring cylinder
  • overtime water will rise as iron reacts to form iron oxide
  • leave water cylinder until water stops changing and record final value
  • use formula
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10
Q

What is formed when an element is burned in the air?

A

reacts to form an oxide

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11
Q

Explain how magnesium reacts with oxygen?

A

bright white flame, white powder formed

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12
Q

Explain how hydrogen reacts with air?

A

very easily, orange/yellow flame

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13
Q

Explain how sulfur reacts with air?

A

pale blue falme

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14
Q

What does the thermal decomposition of metal carbonates produce?

A

CO2 and metal oxide

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15
Q

What colour and substance is copper carbonate?

A

green powder

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16
Q

What will copper carbonate decompose to form?

A

copper oxide and CO2

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17
Q

Explain how to do a thermal decomposition experiment?

A

place copper carbonate in a test tube with bung horizontally and heat this part, coming gout of that test time is a tube connected to another test tube which collects the CO2 gas

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18
Q

What is the temperature of the earth a balance between?

A

heat it gets from sun and heat it radiates into space

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19
Q

`what do gases in the atmosphere act like for the earth?

A

an insulating layer

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20
Q

What do green house gases do?

A

absorb most of the heat that would-be radiated into space and reradiate it in all directions back to earth

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21
Q

how are humans effects CO2 levels?

A
  • deforestation

- burning fossil fuels

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22
Q

What is increasing CO2 linked to?

A

climate change

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23
Q

what is climate change?

A

earths temperatures increasing

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24
Q

What other global warming does climate change cause?

A

change to rainfall, flooding

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25
Q

metal + acid =

A

salt + hydrogen

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26
Q

What do how metals react with acids tell you?

A

their reactivity

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27
Q

How can you tell the reactivity of a metal by using acids?

A

the more reactive the metal, the faster the reaction

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28
Q

Explain a practical to investigate the difference in reactivities of different metals?

A
  • fill up 3 boiling tubes and add the same amount of acid to all
  • place pieces of magnesium, iron and zinc in different ones
  • ## speed of reaction is indicated by the rate at which hydrogen bubbles are given off
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29
Q

metal + water =

A

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

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30
Q

Which metals will react vigorously with water?

A

potassium, lithium, sodium, calcium

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31
Q

what will less reactive metals react with?

A

steam

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32
Q

less reactive metal + steam =

A

metal oxide + hydrogen

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33
Q

give examples of less reactive metals?

A

magnesium zinc and iron

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34
Q

Give the reactivity series?

most reactive to least

A 
Potassium
sodium
lithium
calcium
magnesium 
aluminium
zinc
iron
copper
silver 
gold
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35
Q

What is iron used for?

A

building construction, car manufacture, garden furniture

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36
Q

What is the problem with iron ?

A

it rusts or corrodes easily

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37
Q

When does rusting happen?

A

when iron is in direct contact with water and oxygen

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38
Q

What type of reaction is iron corroding?

A

oxidation

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39
Q

What is the word equation for iron rusting?

A

iron + oxygen + water —-> hydrated iron (III) oxide

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40
Q

What are the two main ways to prevent rusting?

A

barrier methods

sacrificial methods

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41
Q

What are the barrier methods?

A

painting or coating with plastic

oiling or greasing - moving parts

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42
Q

What is the sacrificial methods?

A

placing a more reactive metal with the iron so that it rusts instead of iron

zinc is often used - sprayed on ( galvanising) or used as a metal block- used on hulls

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43
Q

What is oxidation?

A

loss of electrons

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44
Q

What is reduction?

A

gain of electrons

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45
Q

What is an oxidising agent?

A

substance that is reduced - gains electrons

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46
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

substance that gets oxidised - looses electrons

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47
Q

What are metal ores?

A

metal that has reacted with other elements to form a compound that is worthwhile extracting

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48
Q

Why are metal ores protected?

A

they are a finite resource and limited amounts

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49
Q

If a metal is very reactive the….

A

harder it is to extract from compound

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50
Q

How can the metal be separated from from its oxide?

A

reduction reaction

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51
Q

What is the most common reduction reaction for metal ores?

A

uses carbon as a reducing agent - heating the ore with carbon monoxide

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52
Q

What is the problem with using carbon to extract metals?

A

only metals that are less reactive then it can be extracted

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53
Q

What types of ores do very reactive metals form?

A

very stable ores

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54
Q

What can you use to extract when the metal is more reactive then carbon?

A

electrolysis

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55
Q

what is electrolysis?

A

uses electricity to separate metal

56
Q

What does how you make a salt depend on?

A

whether its soluble or insoluble

57
Q

What does soluble mean?

A

soluble things dissolve in water

58
Q

What does an insoluble salt form?

A

precipitate

59
Q

Are common salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble

60
Q

What are nitrates?

A

soluble

61
Q

Are common chlorides soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble

62
Q

Which common chlorides are not soluble?

A

silver chloride and lead chloride

63
Q

Are common sulphates soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble

64
Q

Which common sulphates are not soluble?

A

lead, barium and calcium sulphate

65
Q

Are common carbonates soluble or insoluble?

A

insoluble

66
Q

Which common carbonates are soluble?

A

sodium potassium and ammonium

67
Q

Are common hydroxides soluble or insoluble?

A

insoluble

68
Q

Which common hydroxides are soluble?

A

sodium, potassium and calcium

69
Q

What can you use to make a pure, dry sample of an insoluble salt?

A

precipitation reaction

70
Q

How do you produce an insoluble salt?

A

mix two soluble salts together

71
Q

Explain how to make insoluble lead sulphate?

A
  • add 1 spatula of lead nitrate to test tube
  • add water to dissolve it and shake thoroughly
  • repeat with magnesium sulfate in different test tube
  • mix together in small beaker, lead sulfate should precipitate out
  • filter out the precipitate twice to make sure with deionised water
  • leave to dry lead sulfate in an oven or a desiccator
72
Q

What do flame tests identify?

A

metal ion - cations

73
Q

lithium flame colour?

A

red

74
Q

sodium flame colour?

A

yellow

75
Q

potassium flame colour?

A

lilac

76
Q

calcium flame colour?

A

orange red

77
Q

copper flame colour?

A

blue - green

78
Q

What are the basics to a flame test?

A

clean a platinum wire loop by dripping it In dilute HCL, then hold in flame, add sample then put in flame

79
Q

Acronym for flame tests?

A 
little red
salmon yell
pointless lines
causing o-rangotangs 
copper blues
80
Q

What is another way to work out which cations are present?

A

using precipitates of metal hydroxides when reacted with sodium hydroxide

81
Q

How do you start the precipitate tests?

A

add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution to mystery solution in test tube

82
Q

What precipitate does copper form?

A

blue

83
Q

What precipitate does iron (II) form?

A

sludgy green

84
Q

What precipitate does iron (III) form?

A

reddish brown

85
Q

what is distinctive about ammonia?

A

very smelly

86
Q

How can you check for the cation ammonia?

A

red litmus paper will turn blue

87
Q

How do you prepare an ammonia test?

A

add some sodium hydroxide to mystery solution in test tube

88
Q

What can you use to detect anion carbonates?

A

hydrochloric acid

89
Q

what is given off if carbonate is present?

A

carbon dioxide

90
Q

What can you use to test for anion sulfates?

A

HCL and barium chloride

91
Q

Explain test for anion sulfates?

A
  • add dilute HCl followed by barium chloride solution

- a white precipitate will form

92
Q

How do you test for chloride, bromide or iodide anions?

A

add dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution

93
Q

What precipitate does anion chloride give off?

A

white

94
Q

What precipitate does anion bromide give off?

A

cream

95
Q

What precipitate does anion iodide give off?

A

yellow

96
Q

How do you test for chlorine?

A

bleaches damp blue litmus paper turning it white

97
Q

How do you test for oxygen?

A

relights a glowing splint

98
Q

How do you test for carbon dioxide?

A

turns limewater cloudy

99
Q

How do you test for hydrogen?

A

squeaky pop with lighted splint

100
Q

How do you test for ammonia?

A

turns damp red litmus paper blue

101
Q

What can you use to test for water?

A

copper sulfate crystals

102
Q

What happens when copper sulfate is bound to water>

A

blue crystals form

103
Q

What happens if you heat blue hydrated copper sulfate crystals?

A

drives water off, leaving a white anhydrous copper sulfate powder

104
Q

How do you know if water is pure?

A

boil st 100, freeze at 0

105
Q

What are the alkali metals?

A

group 1

106
Q

what does alkali metal + water ?

A

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

107
Q

What does alkali metal + oxygen = ?

A

metal oxide

108
Q

Lithium +oxygen = ?

A

lithium oxide

109
Q

Sodium + oxygen = ?

A

sodium oxide + sodium peroxide

110
Q

Potassium + oxygen =?

A

potassium peroxide + potassium superoxide

111
Q

Do group 1 become more or less reactive as you go down?

A

more reactive

112
Q

Why do group 1 become more reactive as you go down

A

outermost electron becomes furthest away so attraction becomes less.

113
Q

WHat are the halogens?

A

group 7

114
Q

As you go down group 7…?

A

higher boiling point , less reactive

115
Q

What is chlorine?

A

green gas

116
Q

WHat is bromine?

A

red- brown liquid which gives off orange vapour at room temp

117
Q

What is iodine?

A

dark grey crystalline solid which gives off purple vapour

118
Q

What is a displacement reaction?

A

where a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound

119
Q

What is oxidation?

A

loss of electrons

120
Q

what is a gain of electrons

A

reduction

121
Q

What is an oxidising agent?

A

accepts electrons and gets reduced

122
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

looses electrons and becomes oxidised

123
Q

Which three metals have properties in common?

A

iron, aluminium, copper

124
Q

What are basic properties of all iron, aluminium and copper?

A
  • dense + lustrous
  • high melting points
  • high tensile strength
  • malleable
  • good electrical + head conductors
125
Q

What are the colours of litmus paper?

A
  • red in acid, purple in nuetral, blue in alkali
126
Q

Colours of phenolphthalein?

A

colourless in acid, pink in alkali

127
Q

Colours of methyl orange?

A

red in acid and yellow in alkali

128
Q

Definition of acid?

A

source of hydrogen ions, proton donars

129
Q

Definition of a base?

A

proton acceptors and source of hydrogen ions

130
Q

What is nuetralisation?

A

reaction between an acid and base

131
Q

using H ions show nuetralisation?

A

H+ + OH- = H20

132
Q

Acid + base =?

A

salt + water

133
Q

acid + metal oxide = ?

A

salt + water

134
Q

acid + metal hydroxidd +

A

salt + water

135
Q

Acid + ammonia?

A

ammonium salt

136
Q

acid + metal carbonate =?

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

AQA GCSE chemistry (10 decks)

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