Test 2 Learning Objective 8 Flashcards
On average, children add___inches of height and about___pounds in weight each year
- 2-3
2. 5
In early childhood, the body growth is___as it was in the first two years. It begins to ____.
- Not as rapid
2. Slow down
growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone, emerge in various parts of the skeleton. Age 2-6, there are 45 new ones.
Epiphyses
Usually, by the end of the preschool years, children start to lose their___. The age that this happens is heavily influenced by____.
- Baby teeth
2. Genetics
Nutritional factors also influence dental development. ____ delays appearance of permanent teeth, whereas ____ can accelerate it.
- Malnutrition
2. Obesity
brushing consistently, avoiding sugary foods, drinking fluoridated water, and fluoride treatments and sealants are all ways that…
Tooth decay can be avoided
Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from 70% of its adult weight to ____
90%
In addition to increasing in weight, the brain goes through…
Reshaping and refining
By age 4, there are a large number of synapses in the brain. This supports brain____
Plasticity
For most children, the ___ side of the brain is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off. Activity in the ___ side of the brain increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood.
- Left
2. Right
Early childhood is a time of gains on tasks that depend on the….
Prefrontal cortex
___ ___that are housed in the left side of the brain increase at an astonishing pace during early childhood.
Language skills
Differences in the rate of development between the two hemispheres suggest that they are continuing to….
Lateralize
____reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain- the dominant cerebral hemisphere- to carry out skilled motor action.
Handedness
For right handed people,____of the population, language is housed in the ____ side of the brain with hand control.
- 90%
2. Left
Left and mixed handed young people tend to be slightly advantaged in their speed and flexibility of thinking, and they are more likely than right handed people to develop better…
Verbal and math skills
located at the rear and base of the brain. Aids in balance and control of body movements.
Cerebellum
Fibers linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic improvements in…
Motor coordination
structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness. This structure in the brain contributes to improvements in sustained and controlled attention.
Reticular Formation
inner brain structure that plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way. Over the preschool and elementary years, this area of the brain continues to develop swiftly. These changes make possible the dramatic gains in memory and spatial understanding of early and middle childhood.
Hippocampus
located in the inner brain, next to the hippocampus. This structure plays a central role in processing emotional information. It is sensitive to facial emotion and especially fear.
Amygdala
In socially anxious children, the____, is overly reactive to threatening events.
Amygdala
large bundle of fibers connecting the two sides of the brain.
Corpus Callosum
located at the base of the brain. Plays a crucial role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.
Pituitary gland
necessary from birth on for development of almost all body tissues.
Growth hormone
Growth hormone stimulates the liver to release another hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1. This triggers…..
Duplication of cells all over the body
prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
When the most rapid period of brain development is finished, children with too little___ grow at a below average rate, but their central nervous system is no longer affected. With prompt treatment, these children can catch up and eventually reach normal size.
Thyroxine
Extreme emotional deprivation can lead to____ a growth disorder that appears between ages 2 and 15. Typical characteristics include decreased GH secretion, very short stature, immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems.
Phychosocial dwarfism
How does sleep contribute to a child’s growth?
Growth hormone is released during sleep
How many hours do 2-3 year olds usually sleep?
11-12 hours
How many hours do 4-6 year olds usually sleep?
10-11 hours
At what age does co-sleeping usually stop?
6-7 years old
Most children will wake up in the middle of the night from time to time. However, those who cannot return to sleep may have a…
Sleep disorder
These are panic stricken arousals from deep sleep. The child may scream, thrash, speak incoherently, show a sharp rise in heart rate and breathing, and initially be unresponsive to parents attempts to comfort.
Sleep terrors
Preschoolers appetites ___ because their growth has ___.
- Decline
2. Slowed
Though they eat less, they still need a_____including the same food that’s adults need in smaller amounts.
High quality diet
T or F?Social environment can powerfully influence the food preferences of young children. Children tend to imitate the food choices and eating practices of people they admire.
True
___ and ____ exposure to new food can increase acceptance. In an experiment, after 8-15 exposures of a new food, many children readily ate a new food.
Repeated and unpressured
___ ___at mealtime has a powerful impact on eating habits of children. When parents are constantly worried about how well the child is eating, meals can become unpleasant and stressful.
Emotional climate
When children are ____, disease interacts with malnutrition in a vicious spiral, with potentially severe consequences.
Undernourished
glucose, salt, and water solution that quickly replaces fluids in the body that have been lost.
oral rehydration therapy
In industrialized nations, childhood diseases have declined dramatically as a result of widespread…
Immunizations
Why does the US lag behind other countries in immunization?
because many do not have access to health care
Some parents have been influenced by media reports suggesting a link between some vaccinations and the child developing ____. studies show no association between them.
Autism
What diseases spread most quickly are those commonly suffered by young children?
diarrhea and respiratory infection
What is the proper name for a middle ear infection?
otitis media
What is the leading cause of childhood deaths in industrialized nations?
Unintentional injuries
What are the most common childhood injuries?
Car accidents, drownings, and burns
The common view of childhood injuries as___suggests that they are due to chance and cannot be prevented.
Accidental
requiring car seats, child resistant caps on medications, flameproof clothing, and fencing around backyard swimming pools are all ways of…
Preventing childhood injuries
As children’s bodies become less____, their center of gravity shifts downward. As a result, balance improves greatly paving the way for new motor skills to develop.
Top heavy
Gradually children call on the shoulders, torso, trunk, and legs to support ___ and ___.
Throwing and catching
To parents, fine motor development is most apparent in two areas. They are…
- care of their own bodies
2. Their drawings and paintings.
___ ___,mastered around age 6 requires a longer attention span, memory, and dexterity. This illustrates the close connection between motor and cognitive development.
Shoe tying
What are the three steps that drawing typically progresses in?
- Scribbles
- First representational forms
- More realistic drawings
____in drawings will appear gradually, as perception, language, memory, and fine motor capacities improve.
Realism
Gradually, children will begin to understand that writing stands for ____.
Language
A child with a tall, muscular body tends to move more quickly and may acquire some skills earlier that a child who is ___ and ___
Short and stocky
Boys are ahead of girls in areas that emphasize ___ and ___.
Force and power
Girls are usually better at fine motor skills and certain gross motor skills that require ____ and ____, such as hooping and skipping.
Balance and for movement
During early childhood, children master motor skills, naturally during their….
Everyday play
National Association for Sport and Physical Education recommends that preschoolers engage in at least ____, or up to ____ of uninstructed physical activities every day.
1 hour
Several hours
Development of ____ can be supported through daily routines, such as dressing, puzzles, and drawing.
Fine motor skills
