Test 1 Learning Objectives 3-4 Flashcards
How long does the period of the zygote last?
2 weeks
What are the three phases of prenatal development?
Zygote, embryo, fetus
How long does the period of the embryo last?
6 weeks
How long does period of the fetus last?
9th week to end of pregnancy
- fertilization until drifts down and out of the Fallopian tube and attaches to the uterus.
- multiplies and forms a blastocyst.
- blastocyst burrows into the uterine lining.
- Structures that feed and protect the organism begin to form.
Period of the zygote
The most rapid changes take place, as the ground work is laid for all body structures and internal organs.
-most sensitive to teratogens
Period of the embryo
- Growth and finishing phase
- Rapid increases in size
- gender is evident
- rotate to upside down
Period of the fetus
What is the age of viability?
If the baby is born between 22-26 weeks, it is likely to live.
The most rapid growth in our lives takes place during…
The prenatal period
refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.
Teratogen
What are the 4 factors of teratogens?
- Dose
- Heredity
- Other negative influences
- Age of the fetus
larger of these over longer time periods usually have negative effects
Dose
Genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role. Some are better able than others to withstand harmful environments.
Heredity
several bad factors at once, such as additional teratogens, poor nutrition, and lack of medical care, can worsen the impact of a single harmful agent.
Other negative influences
the effect of teratogens vary with the age of the organism at time of exposure. Not age of the mother, but age of the baby.
Age
- Slow physical growth
- Three facial abnormalities
- Brain injury,small head
- many mental Impairments
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
- Two of three facial abnormalities
- Brain injury, evident in at least three areas of impaired functioning
- mothers drank in smaller quantities.
- Defects vary with the timing and length of alcohol exposure
Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (p-FAS)
- At least three areas of mental functioning are impaired despite typical physical growth
- Absence of facial abnormalities
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)
What are the three facial abnormalities for fetal alcohol syndrome?
(1) short eyelid openings, (2) thin upper lip, (3) indentation running from the bottom of the nose to the center of the upper lip.
List other agents, in addition to alcohol, known to be or suspected of being teratogens. (5 of them)
drugs, tobacco, radiation, pollution, infectious disease
Currently, the most widely used teratogen is ….., used to treat severe acne. Exposure can result in eye, ear, skull, brain, heart, and immune system abnormalities.
Accutane
linked with low birth weight, infant death around time of birth, poor motor development, lower Intelligence scores
Aspirin
low birth weight and miscarriage increase
Caffeine
increased risk of premature and birth complications, including respiratory distress, and high blood pressure in infancy
Antidepressants
did not know it was damaging until the children were older
DES
babies were born with missing limbs and other impairments
Thalidomide
Babies are less attentive to the environment, and motor development is slow
Heroin
eye, bone, genital, unitary tract, kidney, and heart deformities. Brain hemorrhages and seizures
Cocaine
Effects vary but can include low birth weight and prematurity
Marijuana
- Low birth weight, miscarriage, prematurity, impaired heart rate and breathing during sleep, infant death, and asthma
- causes the placenta to grow abnormally
Tobacco
- First apparent in women who survived Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- Miscarriage and underdeveloped brains, physical deformities, and slow physical growth
- Problems may appear later
- Even low amounts can increase risk of childhood cancer
Radiation
physical deformities, mental retardation, abnormal speech, difficulty chewing and swallowing, uncoordinated movements. Brain damage. Often found in fish.
Environmental pollution- mercury
prematurity, low birth weight, brain damage, physical defects even low levels of exposure may be dangerous.
Environmental pollution- lead
brain, immune system, and thyroid damage
Environmental pollution- dioxins
deafness, eye deformities, heart, genital, urinary, intestinal, bone, and dental defects,and mental retardation
Viruses
can cause brain damage and delayed mental and motor development
HIV/AIDS
eye and brain damage, mild visual and cognitive impairments, learning or visual disabilities. Can be avoided by making sure meat is fully cooked, having pet cats checked and not cleaning litter boxes.
Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases
what are other maternal factors that can have an impact on prenatal development? (6 of them)
Exercise, nutrition, malnutrition, stress, blood incompatibility, maternal age and previous births
Working up a sweat for more than 30 minutes, 4 or 5 days a week, especially late in pregnancy results in…
Lower birth weight
True or false: Should do moderate exercise to promote mothers and baby’s health
True
Regarding nutrition, what helps ensure the health of the mother and the baby?
Healthy diet with gradual increase in calories
What are some things that malnutrition can cause?
Miscarriages, babies with defects, respiratory illness, irritable.
…..reduces the risk of anencephaly and spina bifida
Folic acid
…helps prevent maternal high blood pressure and premature births
Calcium
During….large amounts of blood are being provided to other parts of the body, so other organs like the uterus and not getting the full amount of blood. Thus, the fetus is deprived of a full supply of oxygen and nutrients.
Emotional stress
when the inherited blood types of mother and fetus differ
Blood Incompatibility
when the baby inherits the blood type of the father. Destroys red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues.
Rh factor incompatibility
Increased risk of infertility, miscarriage, and babies born with chromosomal defects.
Maternal age and previous births
inadequate care is more common in …. These babies are Three times as likely to be born underweight and five times as likely to die.
adolescent, low-income, and ethnic minority mothers
What are some barriers to seeking prenatal care?
Lack health insurance, engage in high risk behaviors
difficulty finding a doctor, getting an appointment, transportation, and bad experiences with clinic staff
Situational barriers
stress, the demand of taking care of other young children, family crises, lack of knowledge,
Personal barriers
after each checkup, trained leaders provide minority expectant mothers with a group discussion session which is conducted in their native language
Group prenatal care
a general term for a variety of impairments in muscle coordination caused by brain damage before, during, or just after birth. 10 percent experienced anoxia.
Cerebral palsy
premature separation of the placenta. Causes constriction of blood vessels and abnormal development of the placenta, sometimes caused by tobacco and cocaine. High rate of infant death.
Placenta abruptio
condition caused by implantation of the blastocyst so low in the uterus that the placenta covers the cervical opening. The placenta may detach while the mother is dilating.
Placenta previa
Oxygen deprivation at birth
Anoxia
born several weeks or more before their due date
Preterm
Below their expected weight considering length of pregnancy. Usually have more serious problems. In the first year, they are more likely to die, catch infections, and show evidence of brain damage.
Small for date infants
Special infant stimulation-
gently rocking, touching, kangaroo care
shine bright light at eyes or clap hand near head. Infant should quickly close eyes.
Eye blink
What is the function of eye blink?
Protects infant from strong stimulation.
What is the age of disappearance for eye blink?
Permanent
When stroking cheek near corner of mouth, head turns toward source if stimulation.
Rooting
What is the function of rooting?
Help find nipple
What is the age of disappearance for rooting?
3 weeks
place finger in infants mouth, infant sucks finger rhythmically.
Sucking
What is the function of sucking?
Permits feeding
What is the age of disappearance for sucking?
4 months
place infant face down in pool of water, baby paddles and kicks
Swimming
Function of swimming?
Helps infant survive if dropped in water
Age of disappearance for swimming?
4-6 months
hold horizontally on back and let head drop slightly, or produce a sudden loud sound against surface supporting infant. Infant makes an embracing motion by arching back, extending legs, throwing arms outward, and then bringing arms in toward the body.
Moro
Function of Moro?
may have helped infant cling to mother.
Moro age of disappearance?
6 months
place finger in infants hand and press against Palm. Infant spontaneously grasps finger
Palmar grasp
Function of palmar grasp?
Prepares for voluntary grasping
Palmar grasp age of disappearance?
3-4 months
turn head to one side while infant is awake on back. Infant lies in a fencing position. One arm is extended in front of eyes on side to which head is turned, other arm is flexed.
Tonic neck
Function of tonic neck
May prepare for voluntary reaching
Tonic neck age of disappearance
4 months
hold infant under arms and permit bare feet to touch a flat surface. Infant lifts one foot after another in stepping response
Stepping
Function of stepping?
Prepares for walking
Stepping age of disappearance?
2 months in those who gain weight quickly, sustained in lighter infants.
stroke sole of foot from toe toward heel. Toes fan out and curl as foot twists in.
Babinski
Function of Babinski?
Unknown
Babinski age of disappearance?
8-12 months
What is the importance of assessing newborn reflexes?
- Can reveal the health of nervous system
- Can be a sign of brain damage if these reflexes are weak, and persist past the point of development that should have disappeared.
- Sensitivity to this is well developed at birth
- Responds to this especially around the mouth, palms, and on the soles of feet.
- Can distinguish shapes and textures.
- Infants are very sensitive to pain.
Touch
- Can respond to these they like and don’t like.
- A taste previously disliked can come to be preferred when it paired with relief of hunger
- Can taste in the womb
Taste
pair the food they don’t like with hunger and they will learn to like the food
Classical conditioning
Can help locate food source and distinguish their caregiver from other people.
Smell
- Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth
- Improves greatly over the first few months
Sound
At birth, infants prefer…. sounds, such as…..
Complex,
Noises and voices
Infants as young as….turn their eyes and heads in the general direction of sound.
3 days
Least developed sense of the newborn
Vision
evaluates the baby’s reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli, and other reactions.
NBAS
used to assess the newborns physical condition quickly
APGAR scale
Score of ….or better indicates that the infant is in good physical condition.
7
A score between….the baby requires assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs.
4 and 6
A score of… or below, the infant is in serious danger and requires serious medical attention.
3
