Test 1 Learning Objectives 1-2

Question 0

Prenatal period lasts from…

Answer 0

Conception to birth

Question 1

List the age periods researchers use to study child development

Answer 1

Prenatal, infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood

Question 2

Infancy and toddlerhood lasts from

Answer 2

Birth to 2 years

Question 3

Early childhood lasts from

Answer 3

2-6 years

Question 4

cite the three domains in which development is often divided.

Answer 4

physical, cognitive, and emotional and social

Question 5

What period?

• laws began to recognize that children needed protection from people who may harm them
• courts exercised leniency with lawbreaking youths
• Awareness existed that children were vulnerable beings and that childhood was a distinct developmental period

Answer 5

Medieval Times

Question 6

What period?

• children were viewed as born evil
• Because Puritan parents still loved the child, many extreme measures to discipline were not used by parents
• Trained the children in self reliance and self control
• Realized they did not have to be so harsh when correcting the child

Answer 6

The Reformation

Question 7

What period?

• John Locke viewed children as a blank slate, they begin with nothing and are shaped entirely by experience
• Rousseau stated that children are noble savages that are naturally born with a sense of right and wrong

Answer 7

The Enlightenment

Question 8

What Period?

• Darwin stated that children naturally have the ability to adapt to certain situations based on their surroundings, natural selection and survival of the fittest
• Hall and Gesell began the normative approach, which measures the behavior of us just around the same age, which are then computed to represent development
• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale- predicted school achievement, sparked interest in differences in intelligence between age, race, and gender

Answer 8

19th and 20th centuries

Question 9

children move through stages in which they are faced with conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How the person resolves these conflicts determines the persons abilities to learn, get along with others, and cope with anxiety. Socio emotional, stressed importance of parent child relationship. Erikson

Answer 9

The Psychoanalytic Perspective

Question 10

What are some contributions of The Psychoanalytic Perspective?

Answer 10

• emphasis on the individuals life as worthy of study
• Gathers information from a variety of sources
• inspired research on emotional and social development

Question 11

What are some limitations of the psychoanalytic perspective?

Answer 11

• no longer in the mainstream of child development research

- Very vague

Question 12

• John Watson

- directly observable events, baby Albert

Answer 12

Behaviorism

Question 13

using a stimulus to gain a response

Answer 13

classical conditioning

Question 14

good behavior can be increased by the use of reinforcers (praise, a new toy) or decreased by punishment. Skinner was influenced by Locke

Answer 14

operant conditioning theory

Question 15

by Albert Bandura, emphasizes imitation and observational learning. This means seeing a person or a group of people do something and then doing that same thing yourself

Answer 15

Social learning theory

Question 16

What are contributions of behaviorism and social learning theory?

Answer 16

• behavior modification

- relieve wide range of developmental issues and everyday difficulties

Question 17

What are limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory?

Answer 17

• offer too narrow of a view of environmental influences

- underestimates the child’s ability to develop on their own

Question 18

children construct knowledge as they explore their own world, did not believe that children always needed to be rewarded.

Answer 18

Piaget’s Cognitive developmental theory

Question 19

Piaget believed that as children develop, they move through 4 stages. They are…

Answer 19

1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operational

Question 20

birth-2- infants think by reacting to their senses

Answer 20

Sensorimotor

Question 21

2-7 years- use of symbols, language, and make believe play. Thinking still lacks complete logic.

Answer 21

Preoperational

Question 22

7-11 years- reasoning becomes logical and better organized, but thinking is still short of adult Intelligence

Answer 22

Concrete operational

Question 23

11 years on- able to solve problems and evaluate logical thinking

Answer 23

Formal operational

Question 24

What are contributions of Piaget's Cognitive developmental theory?

Answer 24

- sparked research on children's relationships with themselves and others - Encouraged the development of programs that emphasized children's learning and discovery - Showed that children are active learners

Question 25

What are limitations of Piaget's Cognitive developmental theory?

Answer 25

- underestimated infants and toddlers abilities | - Does not pay enough attention to social and cultural influences

Question 26

- the mind can be viewed as a symbol manipulating system through which information flows - mind is like a computer - uses flowcharts, continuous

Answer 26

Information processing

Question 27

- concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and it's evolutionary history - observed behaviors in animals that promoted survival

Answer 27

Ethology

Question 28

young will stay close to their mother figure

Answer 28

Imprinting

Question 29

a limited time when a child is biologically prepared to acquire behaviors but needs the support of a stimulating environment

Answer 29

Critical period

Question 30

better applies to human development. It has less boundaries than the critical period for when these behaviors can be acquired.

Answer 30

Sensitive period

Question 31

seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional , and social competences as they change with age want to understand the entire organism- environment system

Answer 31

Evolutionary developmental psychology

Question 32

how culture- the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group- is transmitted to the next generation. Cognitive. - stresses social interaction - children depend on adult assistance rather than other children - less emphasis on child's ability te develop on their own

Answer 32

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Question 33

child develops with a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment -the environment is broken up into a series of systems

Answer 33

Ecological systems theory

Question 34

- innermost level of the environment, consists of the child's immediate surroundings - consists of immediate family, child care center or school, play areas, etc.

Answer 34

Microsystem

Question 35

- encompasses connections between Microsystems | - Consists of the connections made between immediate family, child care centers, etc.

Answer 35

mesosystem

Question 36

- social settings that do not contain children but that still affect their experiences in immediate settings - consist of neighbors, workplace, extended family - example: the workplace of the parent may not give them adequate time off thus affecting the child

Answer 36

exosystem

Question 37

- outermost level - consist of laws, customs and values - these affect the parent or caregiver, which affect the child

Answer 37

macrosystem

Question 38

- the child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds create a system that is constantly in motion and always changing - still in Early stages of development - says that all the systems are working together

Answer 38

Dynamic Systems Perspective

Question 39

process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with

Answer 39

Continuous

Question 40

- process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at different times - development takes place in stages

Answer 40

Discontinuous

Question 41

- is there one path of development, or are thee many possibilities?

Answer 41

One or Many paths

Question 42

information we are born with

Answer 42

Nature

Question 43

behaviors that we gain by being influenced buy the outside world

Answer 43

Nurture

Question 44

open to change in response to life experiences. Associated with nurture.

Answer 44

Plasticity

Question 45

- the child will remain the way they are in later ages. For example, if they have trouble in verbal ability, they will remain this way. Associated with nature.

Answer 45

Stability

Question 46

``` Continuous/Discontinuous,One or Many Paths,Nature/Nurture? John Locke (tabula rasa) ```

Answer 46

Continuous, nurture, many paths

Question 47

Continuous/Discontinuous,One or Many Paths,Nature/Nurture? | Rousseau (noble savage)-

Answer 47

discontinuous, one path, nature

Question 48

Continuous/Discontinuous,One or Many Paths,Nature/Nurture? | Psychoanalytic Theory-

Answer 48

discontinuous, one path, both nature and nurture

Question 49

Continuous/Discontinuous,One or Many Paths,Nature/Nurture? | Behaviorism & Social Learning-

Answer 49

continuous, many paths, nurture

Question 50

Continuous/Discontinuous,One or Many Paths,Nature/Nurture? | Cognitive Developmental-Piaget-

Answer 50

discontinuous, one path, both nature and nurture

Question 51

Continuous/Discontinuous,One or Many Paths,Nature/Nurture? | Information Processing-

Answer 51

continuous, one path, both nature and nurture

Question 52

information is gathered on individuals in natural life circumstances and make no effort to change their experiences

Answer 52

Correlational

Question 53

What are strengths of correlational?

Answer 53

study relationships between participants and their behavior and development

Question 54

What are limitations of correlational?

Answer 54

cause and effect cannot be distinguished. We cannot tell what is causing the differences in the minds of the children

Question 55

uses cause and effect because evenhanded experiments are performed

Answer 55

Experimental

Question 56

What are strengths of experimental?

Answer 56

Cause and effect

Question 57

What are limitations of experimental?

Answer 57

Lab findings may not translate to findings in the real world.

Question 58

the systems that are described (micro and macro) can enhance or create risks in the development of the child

Answer 58

Ecological systems theory- Roffenbrenner

Question 59

What are direct influences of ecological systems theory?

Answer 59

- firm but warm- child will listen - harsh punishment- child will rebel - more punishment=worse child

Question 60

What are indirect influences of ecological systems theory?

Answer 60

when the child is influenced by what is going on around them, for example, when their parents have a tense marriage

Question 61

years of education, prestige of ones job, income

Answer 61

Socioeconomic status

Question 62

Lower SES families tend to emphasize...

Answer 62

Obedience, politeness, neatness and cleanliness.

Question 63

Higher SES tend to emphasize...

Answer 63

curiosity, happiness, and Cognitive and social maturity. This may be due to their more extensive education.

Question 64

parents in prestigious and high paying jobs

Answer 64

Affluence

Question 65

groups of people with beliefs that differ from those of the larger culture.

Answer 65

Subcultures

Question 66

which are parents and children that live with one or more adult family members. This allows for more support to families that are struggling emotionally or financially.

Answer 66

extended-family households

Question 67

people define themselves as part of a group and are more concerned with group goals rather than individual goals

Answer 67

collectivist societies

Question 68

people think of themselves and are more concerned with their own goals and needs

Answer 68

individualistic societies

Question 69

Is the US individualistic or collectivist?

Answer 69

Individualistic

Question 70

measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors

Answer 70

Heritability estimates

Question 71

compare the characteristics of family members, most common is comparing identical twins.

Answer 71

kinship studies