Test 1- Quiz Review Flashcards
1) Which of the following is true regarding the major domains of development?
A) The domains of development are separate and distinct.
B) Each period of development is made up of a new set of domains.
C) The physical domain has little influence on the other domains.
D) Development is divided into three broad domains: physical, cognitive, and emotional and social.
D) Development is divided into three broad domains: physical, cognitive, and emotional and social.
The most consistent asset of resilient children is
a strong bond to a competent, caring adult.
All contemporary child development theories view children as
Active, purposeful beings
The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes
The unique history of each child
According to behaviorism, ________ are the appropriate focus of psychological research.
Stimuli and responses
When John Watson taught Albert, an 11-month-old infant, to fear a neutral stimulus, a rat, by presenting it several times with a sharp, loud sound, Watson applied ________________ to children’s behavior.
Classical conditioning
Every time 10-month-old Rita eats a pea, her father claps and says, “Good girl!” In response to her father’s praise, Rita excitedly eats the remaining peas. Rita’s behavior is an example of
Operant conditioning
Which of the following is true about social learning theory?
A) It emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.
B) It maintains that behaviorism offers little or no effective explanation of the development of children’s social behavior.
C) It is criticized because it places little emphasis on how children are influenced by the behavior of their parents and peers.
D) It emphasizes classical over operant conditioning and relies heavily on the precise concepts of psychoanalytic theory.
A) It emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.
According to Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory,
children actively construct knowledge as they interact with their world.
Information-processing researchers often use ______________ to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks.
Flowcharts
Observations of imprinting led to which of the following major concepts in child development?
The critical period
Which major theory focuses on emotional development?
Psychoanalytic Theory
Which theoretical perspective views children as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment?
Ecological systems theory
Which of the following is true about the correlational design?
A) Researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences.
B) Unlike the experimental design, it permits inferences of cause and effect.
C) Researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions.
D) In an experiment, the events and behaviors of interest are divided into independent and dependent variables.
A) Researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences.
Which of the following research designs permits inferences about cause and effect? A) correlation coefficient B) experimental design C) correlational design D) case study
B) experimental design
In a _______________, participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older.
Longitudinal design
In individualistic societies, people
Are largely concerned with their own personal needs
Which of the following statements reflects a widely held opinion in the United States?
If you decide to have a baby, you should be ready to care for it.
Behavioral geneticists…
are still limited to investigating the impact of genes on complex characteristics indirectly.
The most rapid prenatal changes take place during the
Period of the embryo
The period of the zygote lasts
From fertilization to implantation
The harm done by teratogens
depends on dose, heredity, age, and other negative influences.
The effects of teratogens
May not show up for decades
Jenna’s physical growth is slow. She has short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, a flattened philtrum, and three forms brain injury. Jenna’s mother probably ________ during pregnancy.
Drank heavily
Dorita is given an Apgar appearance rating of 1. This means her
body is pink with blue arms and legs.
Carol lives in Wyoming and works for a small company with 9 employees. Carol hopes to take 12 weeks of maternity leave. What advice can you give Carol?
Federal law mandating unpaid maternity leave does not apply to her employer.
Research on children who experience anoxia during labor and delivery shows that the greater the oxygen deprivation, the
poorer children’s cognitive and language skills in early and middle childhood.
The tonic reflex is thought to prepare the baby for
Voluntary reaching
___________ doubles the risk of SIDS.
Maternal cigarette smoking
Research on hearing shows that newborns
can tell the difference between a series of tones arranged in ascending versus descending order.
At birth, visual structures in
both the eyes and in the brain are not yet fully formed.
The two factors that are largely responsible for neonatal mortality are
Serious birth defects and low birth weight
A surprising aspect of brain growth is that
as synapses form, 20 to 80 percent of the surrounding neurons die.
The ___________ cortex is responsible for consciousness, inhibition of impulses, and use of memory.
Prefrontal
When a 1-month-old kitten is put in the dark and kept there during the fourth week of life and beyond, damage to visual centers of the brain is permanent. This example provides evidence of
Sensitive periods in brain development
Experience-expectant brain growth
occurs naturally as caregivers engage babies in enjoyable daily routines.
Six-month-old Luka’s weight, height, and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms. Luka is withdrawn and apathetic. A disturbed parent–infant relationship contributed to Luka’s failure to grow normally. Luka most likely suffers from
Growth faltering
Baby Paul’s mother strokes his hair just before he nurses. Now when Paul’s mother strokes his hair, Paul begins to suck. Paul’s response to the stroking illustrates
Classical conditioning
Which of the following is an example of a gross-motor skill?
Climbing
Researchers using Gibson and Walk’s visual cliff found that
depth perception first appears after babies begin to crawl.
In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers
Think with their eyes, ears, and hands
Baby Cole practiced his dropping and throwing schemes, and eventually developed an understanding of height. This achievement is an example of
Organization
Around age ____, the video deficit effect declines.
2 1/2
According to the core knowledge perspective, babies
are born with a set of innate special-purpose knowledge systems.
According to the information-processing perspective, ___________ increase(s) the chances that we will retain information and use it efficiently.
Use of mental strategies
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes that
complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction.
Research on deaf children and parent–child interaction shows that
deaf children of deaf parents show language and social skills that are on par with hearing children.
According to Erikson’s theory, a healthy outcome during infancy is dependent on the
Quality of caregiving
Basic emotions
Are universal in humans
Self-conscious emotions
Require adult instruction
Newborn babies respond with _______ to too much or too little stimulation.
Generalized distress
Studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages indicate that
fully normal emotional development depends on establishing a close tie with a caregiver early in life.
Baby Emma is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her caregiver. If her caregiver looks concerned,
Emma cries. If her caregiver smiles, Emma tries again. Emma is using
Social referencing
In Piaget’s theory, a circular reaction is a means of building schemes in which infants
Try to repeat chance motor activities again and again
Follow-up research suggests that once 8- to 12-month-olds search for hidden objects, they may make the A-not-B search error because they
have trouble inhibiting a previously rewarded motor response.
Sevan, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother sits on the floor, Sevan ventures a few feet away from her for a few minutes at a time, and then returns to her for emotional support. Sevan is
Using his mother as a secure base
Bowlby’s ethological theory of attachment
recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.
