Test 1- Quiz Review

Question 0

1) Which of the following is true regarding the major domains of development?
A) The domains of development are separate and distinct.
B) Each period of development is made up of a new set of domains.
C) The physical domain has little influence on the other domains.
D) Development is divided into three broad domains: physical, cognitive, and emotional and social.

Answer 0

D) Development is divided into three broad domains: physical, cognitive, and emotional and social.

Question 1

The most consistent asset of resilient children is

Answer 1

a strong bond to a competent, caring adult.

Question 2

All contemporary child development theories view children as

Answer 2

Active, purposeful beings

Question 3

The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes

Answer 3

The unique history of each child

Question 4

According to behaviorism, ________ are the appropriate focus of psychological research.

Answer 4

Stimuli and responses

Question 5

When John Watson taught Albert, an 11-month-old infant, to fear a neutral stimulus, a rat, by presenting it several times with a sharp, loud sound, Watson applied ________________ to children’s behavior.

Answer 5

Classical conditioning

Question 6

Every time 10-month-old Rita eats a pea, her father claps and says, “Good girl!” In response to her father’s praise, Rita excitedly eats the remaining peas. Rita’s behavior is an example of

Answer 6

Operant conditioning

Question 7

Which of the following is true about social learning theory?
A) It emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.
B) It maintains that behaviorism offers little or no effective explanation of the development of children’s social behavior.
C) It is criticized because it places little emphasis on how children are influenced by the behavior of their parents and peers.
D) It emphasizes classical over operant conditioning and relies heavily on the precise concepts of psychoanalytic theory.

Answer 7

A) It emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.

Question 8

According to Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory,

Answer 8

children actively construct knowledge as they interact with their world.

Question 9

Information-processing researchers often use ______________ to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks.

Answer 9

Flowcharts

Question 10

Observations of imprinting led to which of the following major concepts in child development?

Answer 10

The critical period

Question 11

Which major theory focuses on emotional development?

Answer 11

Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 12

Which theoretical perspective views children as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment?

Answer 12

Ecological systems theory

Question 13

Which of the following is true about the correlational design?
A) Researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences.
B) Unlike the experimental design, it permits inferences of cause and effect.
C) Researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions.
D) In an experiment, the events and behaviors of interest are divided into independent and dependent variables.

Answer 13

A) Researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences.

Question 14

Which of the following research designs permits inferences about cause and effect?
A) correlation coefficient
B) experimental design
C) correlational design
D) case study

Answer 14

B) experimental design

Question 15

In a _______________, participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older.

Answer 15

Longitudinal design

Question 16

In individualistic societies, people

Answer 16

Are largely concerned with their own personal needs

Question 17

Which of the following statements reflects a widely held opinion in the United States?

Answer 17

If you decide to have a baby, you should be ready to care for it.

Question 18

Behavioral geneticists…

Answer 18

are still limited to investigating the impact of genes on complex characteristics indirectly.

Question 19

The most rapid prenatal changes take place during the

Answer 19

Period of the embryo

Question 20

The period of the zygote lasts

Answer 20

From fertilization to implantation

Question 21

The harm done by teratogens

Answer 21

depends on dose, heredity, age, and other negative influences.

Question 22

The effects of teratogens

Answer 22

May not show up for decades

Question 23

Jenna’s physical growth is slow. She has short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, a flattened philtrum, and three forms brain injury. Jenna’s mother probably ________ during pregnancy.

Answer 23

Drank heavily

Question 24

Dorita is given an Apgar appearance rating of 1. This means her

Answer 24

body is pink with blue arms and legs.

Question 25

Carol lives in Wyoming and works for a small company with 9 employees. Carol hopes to take 12 weeks of maternity leave. What advice can you give Carol?

Answer 25

Federal law mandating unpaid maternity leave does not apply to her employer.

Question 26

Research on children who experience anoxia during labor and delivery shows that the greater the oxygen deprivation, the

Answer 26

poorer children’s cognitive and language skills in early and middle childhood.

Question 27

The tonic reflex is thought to prepare the baby for

Answer 27

Voluntary reaching

Question 28

___________ doubles the risk of SIDS.

Answer 28

Maternal cigarette smoking

Question 29

Research on hearing shows that newborns

Answer 29

can tell the difference between a series of tones arranged in ascending versus descending order.

Question 30

At birth, visual structures in

Answer 30

both the eyes and in the brain are not yet fully formed.

Question 31

The two factors that are largely responsible for neonatal mortality are

Answer 31

Serious birth defects and low birth weight

Question 32

A surprising aspect of brain growth is that

Answer 32

as synapses form, 20 to 80 percent of the surrounding neurons die.

Question 33

The ___________ cortex is responsible for consciousness, inhibition of impulses, and use of memory.

Answer 33

Prefrontal

Question 34

When a 1-month-old kitten is put in the dark and kept there during the fourth week of life and beyond, damage to visual centers of the brain is permanent. This example provides evidence of

Answer 34

Sensitive periods in brain development

Question 35

Experience-expectant brain growth

Answer 35

occurs naturally as caregivers engage babies in enjoyable daily routines.

Question 36

Six-month-old Luka’s weight, height, and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms. Luka is withdrawn and apathetic. A disturbed parent–infant relationship contributed to Luka’s failure to grow normally. Luka most likely suffers from

Answer 36

Growth faltering

Question 37

Baby Paul’s mother strokes his hair just before he nurses. Now when Paul’s mother strokes his hair, Paul begins to suck. Paul’s response to the stroking illustrates

Answer 37

Classical conditioning

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of a gross-motor skill?

Answer 38

Climbing

Question 39

Researchers using Gibson and Walk’s visual cliff found that

Answer 39

depth perception first appears after babies begin to crawl.

Question 40

In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers

Answer 40

Think with their eyes, ears, and hands

Question 41

Baby Cole practiced his dropping and throwing schemes, and eventually developed an understanding of height. This achievement is an example of

Answer 41

Organization

Question 42

Around age ____, the video deficit effect declines.

Answer 42

2 1/2

Question 43

According to the core knowledge perspective, babies

Answer 43

are born with a set of innate special-purpose knowledge systems.

Question 44

According to the information-processing perspective, ___________ increase(s) the chances that we will retain information and use it efficiently.

Answer 44

Use of mental strategies

Question 45

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes that

Answer 45

complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction.

Question 46

Research on deaf children and parent–child interaction shows that

Answer 46

deaf children of deaf parents show language and social skills that are on par with hearing children.

Question 47

According to Erikson’s theory, a healthy outcome during infancy is dependent on the

Answer 47

Quality of caregiving

Question 48

Basic emotions

Answer 48

Are universal in humans

Question 49

Self-conscious emotions

Answer 49

Require adult instruction

Question 50

Newborn babies respond with _______ to too much or too little stimulation.

Answer 50

Generalized distress

Question 51

Studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages indicate that

Answer 51

fully normal emotional development depends on establishing a close tie with a caregiver early in life.

Question 52

Baby Emma is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her caregiver. If her caregiver looks concerned,
Emma cries. If her caregiver smiles, Emma tries again. Emma is using

Answer 52

Social referencing

Question 53

In Piaget’s theory, a circular reaction is a means of building schemes in which infants

Answer 53

Try to repeat chance motor activities again and again

Question 54

Follow-up research suggests that once 8- to 12-month-olds search for hidden objects, they may make the A-not-B search error because they

Answer 54

have trouble inhibiting a previously rewarded motor response.

Question 55

Sevan, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother sits on the floor, Sevan ventures a few feet away from her for a few minutes at a time, and then returns to her for emotional support. Sevan is

Answer 55

Using his mother as a secure base

Question 56

Bowlby’s ethological theory of attachment

Answer 56

recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.