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Child Development > Test 2 Learning Objective 8 > Flashcards

Test 2 Learning Objective 8 Flashcards

0
Q

On average, children add___inches of height and about___pounds in weight each year

A
  1. 2-3

2. 5

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1
Q

In early childhood, the body growth is___as it was in the first two years. It begins to ____.

A
  1. Not as rapid

2. Slow down

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2
Q

growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone, emerge in various parts of the skeleton. Age 2-6, there are 45 new ones.

A

Epiphyses

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3
Q

Usually, by the end of the preschool years, children start to lose their___. The age that this happens is heavily influenced by____.

A
  1. Baby teeth

2. Genetics

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4
Q

Nutritional factors also influence dental development. ____ delays appearance of permanent teeth, whereas ____ can accelerate it.

A
  1. Malnutrition

2. Obesity

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5
Q

brushing consistently, avoiding sugary foods, drinking fluoridated water, and fluoride treatments and sealants are all ways that…

A

Tooth decay can be avoided

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6
Q

Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from 70% of its adult weight to ____

A

90%

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7
Q

In addition to increasing in weight, the brain goes through…

A

Reshaping and refining

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8
Q

By age 4, there are a large number of synapses in the brain. This supports brain____

A

Plasticity

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9
Q

For most children, the ___ side of the brain is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off. Activity in the ___ side of the brain increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood.

A
  1. Left

2. Right

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10
Q

Early childhood is a time of gains on tasks that depend on the….

A

Prefrontal cortex

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11
Q

___ ___that are housed in the left side of the brain increase at an astonishing pace during early childhood.

A

Language skills

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12
Q

Differences in the rate of development between the two hemispheres suggest that they are continuing to….

A

Lateralize

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13
Q

____reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain- the dominant cerebral hemisphere- to carry out skilled motor action.

A

Handedness

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14
Q

For right handed people,____of the population, language is housed in the ____ side of the brain with hand control.

A
  1. 90%

2. Left

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15
Q

Left and mixed handed young people tend to be slightly advantaged in their speed and flexibility of thinking, and they are more likely than right handed people to develop better…

A

Verbal and math skills

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16
Q

located at the rear and base of the brain. Aids in balance and control of body movements.

A

Cerebellum

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17
Q

Fibers linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic improvements in…

A

Motor coordination

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18
Q

structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness. This structure in the brain contributes to improvements in sustained and controlled attention.

A

Reticular Formation

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19
Q

inner brain structure that plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way. Over the preschool and elementary years, this area of the brain continues to develop swiftly. These changes make possible the dramatic gains in memory and spatial understanding of early and middle childhood.

A

Hippocampus

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20
Q

located in the inner brain, next to the hippocampus. This structure plays a central role in processing emotional information. It is sensitive to facial emotion and especially fear.

A

Amygdala

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21
Q

In socially anxious children, the____, is overly reactive to threatening events.

A

Amygdala

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22
Q

large bundle of fibers connecting the two sides of the brain.

A

Corpus Callosum

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23
Q

located at the base of the brain. Plays a crucial role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.

A

Pituitary gland

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24
Q

necessary from birth on for development of almost all body tissues.

A

Growth hormone

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25
Q

Growth hormone stimulates the liver to release another hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1. This triggers…..

A

Duplication of cells all over the body

26
Q

prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size.

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

27
Q

When the most rapid period of brain development is finished, children with too little___ grow at a below average rate, but their central nervous system is no longer affected. With prompt treatment, these children can catch up and eventually reach normal size.

A

Thyroxine

28
Q

Extreme emotional deprivation can lead to____ a growth disorder that appears between ages 2 and 15. Typical characteristics include decreased GH secretion, very short stature, immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems.

A

Phychosocial dwarfism

29
Q

How does sleep contribute to a child’s growth?

A

Growth hormone is released during sleep

30
Q

How many hours do 2-3 year olds usually sleep?

A

11-12 hours

31
Q

How many hours do 4-6 year olds usually sleep?

A

10-11 hours

32
Q

At what age does co-sleeping usually stop?

A

6-7 years old

33
Q

Most children will wake up in the middle of the night from time to time. However, those who cannot return to sleep may have a…

A

Sleep disorder

34
Q

These are panic stricken arousals from deep sleep. The child may scream, thrash, speak incoherently, show a sharp rise in heart rate and breathing, and initially be unresponsive to parents attempts to comfort.

A

Sleep terrors

35
Q

Preschoolers appetites ___ because their growth has ___.

A
  1. Decline

2. Slowed

36
Q

Though they eat less, they still need a_____including the same food that’s adults need in smaller amounts.

A

High quality diet

37
Q

T or F?Social environment can powerfully influence the food preferences of young children. Children tend to imitate the food choices and eating practices of people they admire.

A

True

38
Q

___ and ____ exposure to new food can increase acceptance. In an experiment, after 8-15 exposures of a new food, many children readily ate a new food.

A

Repeated and unpressured

39
Q

___ ___at mealtime has a powerful impact on eating habits of children. When parents are constantly worried about how well the child is eating, meals can become unpleasant and stressful.

A

Emotional climate

40
Q

When children are ____, disease interacts with malnutrition in a vicious spiral, with potentially severe consequences.

A

Undernourished

41
Q

glucose, salt, and water solution that quickly replaces fluids in the body that have been lost.

A

oral rehydration therapy

42
Q

In industrialized nations, childhood diseases have declined dramatically as a result of widespread…

A

Immunizations

43
Q

Why does the US lag behind other countries in immunization?

A

because many do not have access to health care

44
Q

Some parents have been influenced by media reports suggesting a link between some vaccinations and the child developing ____. studies show no association between them.

A

Autism

45
Q

What diseases spread most quickly are those commonly suffered by young children?

A

diarrhea and respiratory infection

46
Q

What is the proper name for a middle ear infection?

A

otitis media

47
Q

What is the leading cause of childhood deaths in industrialized nations?

A

Unintentional injuries

48
Q

What are the most common childhood injuries?

A

Car accidents, drownings, and burns

49
Q

The common view of childhood injuries as___suggests that they are due to chance and cannot be prevented.

A

Accidental

50
Q

requiring car seats, child resistant caps on medications, flameproof clothing, and fencing around backyard swimming pools are all ways of…

A

Preventing childhood injuries

51
Q

As children’s bodies become less____, their center of gravity shifts downward. As a result, balance improves greatly paving the way for new motor skills to develop.

A

Top heavy

52
Q

Gradually children call on the shoulders, torso, trunk, and legs to support ___ and ___.

A

Throwing and catching

53
Q

To parents, fine motor development is most apparent in two areas. They are…

A
  1. care of their own bodies

2. Their drawings and paintings.

54
Q

___ ___,mastered around age 6 requires a longer attention span, memory, and dexterity. This illustrates the close connection between motor and cognitive development.

A

Shoe tying

55
Q

What are the three steps that drawing typically progresses in?

A
  1. Scribbles
  2. First representational forms
  3. More realistic drawings
56
Q

____in drawings will appear gradually, as perception, language, memory, and fine motor capacities improve.

A

Realism

57
Q

Gradually, children will begin to understand that writing stands for ____.

A

Language

58
Q

A child with a tall, muscular body tends to move more quickly and may acquire some skills earlier that a child who is ___ and ___

A

Short and stocky

59
Q

Boys are ahead of girls in areas that emphasize ___ and ___.

A

Force and power

60
Q

Girls are usually better at fine motor skills and certain gross motor skills that require ____ and ____, such as hooping and skipping.

A

Balance and for movement

61
Q

During early childhood, children master motor skills, naturally during their….

A

Everyday play

62
Q

National Association for Sport and Physical Education recommends that preschoolers engage in at least ____, or up to ____ of uninstructed physical activities every day.

A

1 hour

Several hours

63
Q

Development of ____ can be supported through daily routines, such as dressing, puzzles, and drawing.

A

Fine motor skills

Child Development (7 decks)

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