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Fundamentals II > Test 2 Ch.1 > Flashcards

Test 2 Ch.1 Flashcards

1
Q

The movement of air into an out of the lungs

A

ventilation

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2
Q

involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment

A

Respirations

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3
Q

Contraction of the muscles of inspiration, which causes expansion of the thorax. what kind of breath is this?

A

Spontaneous breath

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4
Q

Accessory muscles of inspiration (4)

A
  • Scalene
  • Sternoclediomastoids
  • Pectoralis
  • Trapezius
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5
Q

Accessory muscles of expiration (6)

A
  • rectus abdominus
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transverse abdominal
  • Serratus ( anterior and posterior)
  • Latissimus dorsi
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6
Q

_______ ________ is pressure is when your breathing in

A

Negative pressure

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7
Q

________ ____________ is on the vent and pushing positive pressure into the lungs

A

postive pressure

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8
Q

From air to flow through a tube or airway what must exist?

A

pressure gradient

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9
Q

pressure at one end of the tube must be higher than pressure at the other end of the tube

A

pressure gradient

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10
Q

What changes as a result of gas flow into and out of the airways

A

Lung volumes

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11
Q

This is caused by changes in the pressure gradient between the airway opening and the alveoli

A

Lung volume change

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12
Q

Concentration of the inspiratory muscle

A

Inspiration

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13
Q

Alveolar pressure becomes less than the pressure at the airway opening and gas flow into the lungs

A

Inspiration

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14
Q

Relaxation of the inspiratory muscles causes in a decrease in the thoracic volume

A

Expiration

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15
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure or lung pressure

A

Alveolar pressure (PA or Palv)

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16
Q

Highest pressure at the end of inspiration

A

peak pressure

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17
Q

If peak pressure is high then what needs to be done?

A

Suctioning b/c of secretions

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18
Q

is also called PIP or peak airway pressure

A

peak pressure

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19
Q

PIP can increase if

A

a pt is fighting the vent while awake

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20
Q

An airway pressure measurement is called the

A

plateau pressure

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21
Q

measured after a breath has been delivered to the pt and before exhalation begins

A

plateau pressure

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22
Q

__________ is prevented by the vent for a brief moment _____ to ______ seconds

A

Exhalation; 0.5 to 1.5 s

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23
Q

To obtain the measurement the ventilator operator normally selects a control marked

A

“inspiratory hold” or “inspiratory pause”

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24
Q

The relative ease w/ which the structure distends

A

Compliance (c)

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25
Q

Normal compliance in spontaneous breathing pts

A

0.05 to 0.17 L mL/cmH2O

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26
Q

Normal compliance in intubated pts

A

Males :40 to 50 up to 100
Females: 35 to 45 up to 100

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27
Q

The tendency of a structure to return to its original form after being stretched or acted on by an outside force

A

Elastance (e)

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28
Q

Elastance is the

A

opposite of compliance

29
Q

In the clinical setting compliance measurements are used to describe

A

the elastane forces that oppose lung inflation

30
Q

-30 for plateau pressure is

A

normal

31
Q

The compliance by the respiratory system is determined by

A

measuring the change (🔺) of volume (v) that occurs when pressure (P) is applied to the system

32
Q

C=

A

🔺V/🔺P

33
Q

For pts receiving MV, compliance measurements are made during

A

static conditions

34
Q

The tidal volume used in this calculation is to determine by measuring the pt’s exhaled volume near the pt connected

A

static compliance (cs)

35
Q

What are the 2 cs equation

A
  • cs=(exhaled tidal volume /plateau pressure -EEP)
  • cs =Vt/ (Pplat- EEP)
36
Q

EEP is the en expiratory pressure, which some clinicians call the

A

baseline pressure ; it is the baseline from which pt breathes

37
Q

Normal resistance values for unintubaned pts

A

0.6 to 2.4 cm H2O (L/s) at 0.5 L/s flow

38
Q

Normal resistance values for intubated pt

A

Approximately 6 cm H20 or higher (airway resistance increase as ETT size decreases)

39
Q

Attempts to mimic the function of the respiratory muscles to allow breathing through the normal physiological mechanism

A

Negative pressure ventilation (NPV)

40
Q

With this device, the pt’s head and neck are exposed to ambient pressure while the thorax and the rest of the body are enclosed in an airtight container that is subjected to negative pressure

A

Iron Lung

41
Q

Mechanical ventilator is used to deliver air into the pt’s lungs by way of an ETT or positive pressure mask

A

Positive pressure ventilation (ppv)

42
Q

Uses above normal ventilating rates with below- normal ventilating volumes

A

high frequency ventilation

43
Q

3 types of high frequency ventilation strategies

A
  • high frequency positive pressure ventilation (HFPPV)
  • high- frequency jet ventilation (HFJV)
  • high- frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)
44
Q

Uses respiratory rates of about 60 to 100 breaths/ min

A

high frequency positive pressure ventilation (HFPPV)

45
Q

Uses rates between 100 and 400 to 600 breaths/ min

A

high- frequency jet ventilation (HFJV)

46
Q

uses rates into the thousands up to 4000 breaths/ min

A

high- frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)

47
Q

____ can be trapped in the lungs during MV if not enough time is allowed for exhalation

A

air

48
Q

The most effective way to prevent air trapping complication is to monitor the

A

pressure in the ventilator circuit and the end of exhalation

49
Q

If no extrinsic PEEP is added and the baseline is greater than zero

A

air trapping or auto-PEEP is present

50
Q

Airway pressure are measured relative to a

A

baseline value

51
Q

If baseline is zero it indicates that

A

no additional pressure is applied at the airway opening during expiration and before inspiration

52
Q

If the baseline is higher than zero the ventilator operator selects a….. AND IS CALLED

A

higher pressure to be present at the end of end of exhalation; positive end- expiratory pressure (PEEP)

53
Q

When PEEP is set the ventilator prevents the pt from

A

exhaling to zero (atmospheric pressure)

54
Q

PEEP increases the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the

A

end of a normal exhalation

55
Q

PEEP applied by the operator is called

A

extrinsic PEEP

56
Q

The air that is accentually trapped in the lungs

A

Auto-PEEP (intrinsic PEEP)

57
Q

Usually occurs when a pt does not have enough time to exhale completely before the ventilator delivers another breath

A

Intrinsic PEEP

58
Q

Physiologically everyone has a PEEP of

A

5

59
Q

1mm HG =

A

136 cm H20

60
Q

The pressure difference between the alveolus (Palv) and the body surface is called

A

Transthoracic pressure

61
Q

Define elastance

A

Ability of a structure to return to its natural shape after stretching

62
Q

What is the formula used for compliance?

A

C=🔺V/🔺P

63
Q

Another term for airway pressure

A

Airway opening pressure

64
Q

Intraalveolar pressure (in relation to atmospheric pressure) at the end of inspiration during a normal quiet breath is

A

0 cm h20

65
Q

Which of the following Associated with Increase in airway resistance

A

Decreasing the flow rate of gas into the airway

66
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding negative pressure ventilation (npv)

A

Thes ventilators mimc normal breathing mechanics

67
Q

PEEP is best defined

A

Positive pressure at the end of exhalation on a mechanical ventilator

68
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding plateau pressure

A

Plateau pressure is used as a measure of alveolar pressure

69
Q

One time constant should allow approximately what percentage of a lung unit to fill

A

63%

Fundamentals II (13 decks)

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