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Normal Anatomy > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the pancreas composed mostly of endocrine or exocrine tissue?

A

both but mainly exocrine

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2
Q

what does the exocrine tissue help in?

A

Digestion-it secretes pancreatic juice and breaks up fat, carbohydrates, and protein into smaller molecules

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3
Q

What does the endocrine tissue help in?

A
  • Hormones such as glucagon and insulin

- maintains sugar and salt balance

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4
Q

what type of cells does exocrine make?

A

Acini

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5
Q

What are the pancreatic juices composed of?

A
  • amylase
  • lipase
  • trypsin
  • chymotrypsin
  • carboxypepidase
  • nucleases
  • sodium bicarbonate
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6
Q

how much does acini cells function in the exocrine tissue?

A

80%

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7
Q

what does lipase digest?

A

Fats

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8
Q

What does Amylase digest?

A

carbohydrates

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9
Q

What does trypsin, chymotrypsinogen, and carboxypeptidase digest?

A

Proteins

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10
Q

What does nucleases digest?

A

Nucleic acids

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11
Q

What does sodium bicarbonate digest?

A

Neutralize hydrochloric acid

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12
Q

what is hormone release stimulated by?

A

partially digested food

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13
Q

Hormones cause the production of________

A

pancreatic juices

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14
Q

what are the 2 ducts of the pancreas?

A

Duct of Wirsung (Main panc duct)

Duct of Santorini

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15
Q

What happens in the duct of Wirsung?

A

Pancreatic juice collects then moves into the duodenum through the ampulla of Vater

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16
Q

What does the sphincter of Oddi do?

A

relaxes to allow the passage of juices

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17
Q

what type of cells does the Langerhans consist of?

A

alpha, beta, and delta cells

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18
Q

Where do hormones secrete?

A

Into the blood stream

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19
Q

what is the action of Insulin?

A

Glucose to glycogen

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20
Q

What is the action of Glucagon?

A

Glycogen to glucose

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21
Q

What is the action of Somatostatin?

A

Alpha and Beta inhibitor (inhibit insulin and glucagon production)

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22
Q

Where does the pancreaticduodenal artery supply?

A

Supplies the head and part of the duodenum

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23
Q

Where does the branches of the splenic artery supply?

A

Supplies body and tail and later enters the spleen

24
Q

Which vessel is tortuous?

A

splenic artery

25
Q

Where does the pancreas lay?

A

in the retroperitoneum in the epigastric region

26
Q

What is the uncinate considered a part of?

27
Q

the head is more _____ to the body and tail

28
Q

the neck and body is more _________ than head and tail

A

superficial

29
Q

the tail is more _______ direction towards the spleen

30
Q

what is the echogenicity of the pancreas?

A

isoechoic or hyperechoic to the liver

31
Q

True or false. Pancreas never changes with age?

A

False, the pancreas increases in echogenicity with age.

32
Q

how does the uncinate appear to the rest of the pancreas?

A

hypoechoic

33
Q

what is the echotexture of the pancreas?

A

homogenous

34
Q

true or false, the size of the pancreas is comparable between sexes?

35
Q

true or false, the pancreas increases in size with age?

A

false, the pancreas decreases in size with age

36
Q

what is the largest and smallest part of the pancreas?

A

largest-head

smallest-neck (and the body and tail)

37
Q

what is the contour of the pancreas?

A

usually smooth, sometimes lobulated

38
Q

what are the landmarks that will help you visualize the pancreas?

A

Gastroduodenal Artery (GDA)
Common Bile Duct (CBD)
IVC

39
Q

Where does the GDA lie?

A

Anterior lateral aspect of the pancreas head

40
Q

Where does the CBD lie?

A

posterior lateral aspect of the head

41
Q

what are the landmarks for the neck and uncinate process?

A

anterior to the SMV and portosplenic confluence

42
Q

what are the landmarks for the pancreas body?

A

SMA
Splenic vein
SMV

Body is medial anterior to Portosplenic confluence

43
Q

What are the landmarks for the pancreas tail?

A

Splenic vein lies posterior to the tail

Splenic artery is tortuous and travels adjacent to the splenic vein ( seen in cross section)

44
Q

what does the Duct of Wirsung merge with?

A

merges with CBD before entering the duodenum at the major papilla or ampula of Vater

45
Q

What ducts can be seen on ultrasound?

A

Duct of Wirsung (main pancreatic duct)

Duct of Santorini (accessory duct)

46
Q

what is the size of the main pancreatic duct?

A

3mm or less

47
Q

what are the windows used when scanning the pancreas?

A
  • Supine
  • Right anterior oblique and left lateral decubitus
  • left coronal
48
Q

what are some helpful imaging techniques for pancreas?

A
  • try different window
  • push belly out
  • breath in
49
Q

what are the 2 buds that formed the pancreas?

A

dorsal(cranial)

Ventral (caudal)

50
Q

How did the two pancreatic ducts form?

A

arise from opposite sides foregut and midgut

51
Q

When do the two pancreatic ducts form?

A

6 to 8 weeks

52
Q

what part of the pancreas forms in each bud?

A

Dorsal-body and tail of pancreas

Ventral- Head and uncinate process

53
Q

What is the annular pancreas?

A

A ring of pancreatic tissue that encircles the duodenum

54
Q

what is agenesis?

A

absence of the body and tail (head is usually larger)

55
Q

What is the pancreatic divisum?

A

most common

Lack of fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds

56
Q

What can normally happen with the pancreas head?

A

pseudomasses (false masses) not real but can fool you when scanning

Normal Anatomy (7 decks)

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