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Normal Anatomy > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

where does the esophagus travel?

A

posteriorly to trachea and pierces through the diaphragm

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2
Q

where is the terminal esophagus?

A

posterior to the left lobe of liver

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3
Q

where the esophagus joins the stomach as known as what?

A

the GE junction

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4
Q

is the stomach intra or retro?

A

intra

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5
Q

what regions are the stomach located in?

A
  • left hypochondrium

- epigastric

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6
Q

what are the parts of the stomach?

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • antrum of pylorus near ML
  • pyloric orifice
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7
Q

what does the antrum of pylorus blend into?

A

pyloric canal

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8
Q

the pyloric orifice communicates with what?

A

duodenum

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9
Q

what are the 3 sections of the small bowel?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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10
Q

what is the shortest part of the small intestine?

A

duodenum

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11
Q

where does the duodenum extend from and to?

A

stomach to jejunum

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12
Q

how many sections is the duodenum separated into?

A

4

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13
Q

is the jejunum intra or retro?

A

intra

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14
Q

what regions is the jejunum located in?

A

umbilical and left iliac region

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15
Q

what regions is the ileum in?

A
  • umbilical
  • hypogastric
  • right iliac
  • pelvic region
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16
Q

Terminal ileum

A

opening of the ileum into the inner side of the large intestine (where the small and large bowel connect)

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17
Q

where does the large bowel originate?

A

right inguinal region

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18
Q

where does the large bowel extend from and to?

A

ilium to the anus

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19
Q

what is longer, small or large intestine?

A

small intestine

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20
Q

haustra

A

gives the large intestine a segmented appearance. it moves contents through the colon

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21
Q

what are the layers of the bowel?

A
  • Superficical Mucosa/interface
  • Muscularis mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis Propria
  • Serosa or Adventitia/interface
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22
Q

when looking at the bowel, what does US play a role in?

A
  • **appendicitis

- acute diverticulitis

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23
Q

what diseases can be found if you look for it in the colon?

A
  • bowel cancer
  • crohns disease
  • ulcerative colitis
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24
Q

when may we scan the bowel or appendix?

A
  • increase WBC
  • change in bowel patterns
  • acute pain
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25
Q

what is the patient prep for scanning the colon?

A
  • fasting
  • fill bladder
  • empty bladder
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26
Q

why must a patient fill their bladder when scanning colon?

A

visualize sigmoid colon and rectum

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27
Q

what do we do to look at areas of interest?

A

higher frequency transducer

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28
Q

what probes do we use when scanning the colon?

A
  • linear
  • convex linear
  • some sector probes
  • transvaginal for women (good sigmoid and rectum)
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29
Q

Is bowel compressible?

A

yes

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30
Q

how many layers of the gut might we see?

A

up to 5 layers

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31
Q

what echogenicity do we see for the muscular components of the gut wall?

A

hypoechoic

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32
Q

what are the muscular components of the gut wall?

A
  • Muscularis mucosa

- Muscularis propria

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33
Q

what layers of the gut wall are hyperechoic?

A

1,3,5

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34
Q

what layers of the gut wall are hypoechoic?

A

2.4

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35
Q

what does the stomach look like in cross section?

A

bull’s eye

-echogenic central area and hypoechoic rim

36
Q

normal gut wall is________

A

uniform and compliant

37
Q

what is the average thickness of a distended and not distended gut wall?

A

distended-3mm

not distended-5mm

38
Q

what is seen in small bowel and stomach?

A

peristalsis (we look for movement)

39
Q

do we see peristalsis in large bowel?

A

no

40
Q

intraluminal air

A

Gas content within gut lumen

41
Q

Intraluminal fluid

A

mimik cystic masses

42
Q

Fecal material can create ___________

A

artifacts and pseudotumors

43
Q

what is abnormal is gut wall with doppler?

A

Hypervascular or hypovascular where tenderness felt

44
Q

when is appendicitis more common?

A

young people

45
Q

why do we use ultrasound to look at appendix?

A
  • good at ruling out gallstones, cysts, e.t.c

- radiation with CT

46
Q

what does the appendix look like?

A

Long, tubular structure that extends from the cecum

47
Q

where is the appendix found?

A

Located on the abdominal wall under McBurney’s point

48
Q

how do you find McBurney’s point?

A
  • Draw a line from the right anterosuperior iliac spine to the umbilicus.
  • At approximately the midpoint of this line lies the root of the appendix.
49
Q

what is the normal size of an appendix?

A

less than 6mm in AP diameter

50
Q

appendix has a __________

A

blind end or tip

51
Q

where are we scanning on the body with the groin?

A

Between the iliac crest and pubic symphysis

52
Q

what is our landmark when scanning the groin?

A

Inferior Epigastric vessels

53
Q

where are the Inferior Epigastric vessels?

A
  • Arise from the External iliac vessels

- Courses superomedially

54
Q

why do we scan the groin?

A

hernias

  • inguinal (indirect or direct)
  • femoral
  • spigelian
55
Q

when are patients sent for ultrasound of the groin?

A

pain with a lump

56
Q

what are US advantages to scanning the groin for hernias?

A

-Scan patient upright and supine
-Dynamic maneuvers
(Valsalva and
Compression)

57
Q

what patient prep is required for scanning the groin?

A

no patient prep required

58
Q

what organs have high metabolic rates?

A
  • liver
  • spleen
  • kidneys
59
Q

organs with high metabolic rates have ______ resistance vascular beds

A

low resistance

60
Q

what organs have low metabolic rates?

A
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • muscle
61
Q

organs with low metabolic rates have ______ resistance vascular beds

A

high resistance

62
Q

what does red colour in colour doppler indicate?

A
  • above baseline

- towards probe

63
Q

what does blue colour in colour doppler indicate?

A
  • below baseline

- away from probe

64
Q

blood flow pattern has :

A
  • low or high resistance

- monophasic, biphasic, triphasic

65
Q

suprarenal aorta

A
  • supplies low resistance organs

- continuous forward flow throughout cardiac cycle

66
Q

intrarenal aorta

A
  • supplies high resistance organs

- high resistance waveforms, triphasic

67
Q

what resistance does the celiac trunk have

A

low resistance

68
Q

what does the celiac trunk supply?

A

liver and spleen

69
Q

how much oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery supplies the liver?

A

20-30%

70
Q

what does the SMA supply?

A
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • colon
71
Q

what resistance is there with fasting?

A

-high resistance flow

72
Q

what resistance is there with postprandial (after eating)?

A

low resistance flow

73
Q

what does the renal arteries supply?

A

kidneys

74
Q

are the kidneys high or low resistance?

A

low resistance

75
Q

do the kidneys have high or low resistance waveforms?

A

low resistance

76
Q

what is the IVC proximal segment pattern?

A
  • “w” pattern from back pressure

- variable depending on respiration and regurgitation from right atrium

77
Q

hepatic veins are pulsatility from_____

A

cardiac reflection and respiration

78
Q

renal veins empty from__________

A

kidneys to IVC

79
Q

what is flow from renal veins influenced by?

A

systemic circulation

80
Q

hepatic artery brings fresh __________blood from the aorta

A

oxygenated

81
Q

what does hepatofugal mean?

A

blood flow away from liver

82
Q

what does hepatopedal mean?

A

blood flow towards the liver

83
Q

in hepatofugal is PW above or below baseline?

A

below baseline

84
Q

in hepatopedal is PW above or below baseline?

A

PW above the baseline

85
Q

what is the flow velocity of the main portal vein?

A

commonly somewhat phasic

86
Q

look at the sizes of the endometrium

A

on powerpointd????

87
Q

female slide 65

A

late proliferative

Normal Anatomy (7 decks)

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