Final

Question 1

where does the esophagus travel?

Answer 1

posteriorly to trachea and pierces through the diaphragm

Question 2

where is the terminal esophagus?

Answer 2

posterior to the left lobe of liver

Question 3

where the esophagus joins the stomach as known as what?

Answer 3

the GE junction

Question 4

is the stomach intra or retro?

Answer 4

intra

Question 5

what regions are the stomach located in?

Answer 5

• left hypochondrium

- epigastric

Question 6

what are the parts of the stomach?

Answer 6

• fundus
• body
• antrum of pylorus near ML
• pyloric orifice

Question 7

what does the antrum of pylorus blend into?

Answer 7

pyloric canal

Question 8

the pyloric orifice communicates with what?

Answer 8

duodenum

Question 9

what are the 3 sections of the small bowel?

Answer 9

• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum

Question 10

what is the shortest part of the small intestine?

Answer 10

duodenum

Question 11

where does the duodenum extend from and to?

Answer 11

stomach to jejunum

Question 12

how many sections is the duodenum separated into?

Answer 12

4

Question 13

is the jejunum intra or retro?

Answer 13

intra

Question 14

what regions is the jejunum located in?

Answer 14

umbilical and left iliac region

Question 15

what regions is the ileum in?

Answer 15

• umbilical
• hypogastric
• right iliac
• pelvic region

Question 16

Terminal ileum

Answer 16

opening of the ileum into the inner side of the large intestine (where the small and large bowel connect)

Question 17

where does the large bowel originate?

Answer 17

right inguinal region

Question 18

where does the large bowel extend from and to?

Answer 18

ilium to the anus

Question 19

what is longer, small or large intestine?

Answer 19

small intestine

Question 20

haustra

Answer 20

gives the large intestine a segmented appearance. it moves contents through the colon

Question 21

what are the layers of the bowel?

Answer 21

• Superficical Mucosa/interface
• Muscularis mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscularis Propria
• Serosa or Adventitia/interface

Question 22

when looking at the bowel, what does US play a role in?

Answer 22

• **appendicitis

- acute diverticulitis

Question 23

what diseases can be found if you look for it in the colon?

Answer 23

• bowel cancer
• crohns disease
• ulcerative colitis

Question 24

when may we scan the bowel or appendix?

Answer 24

• increase WBC
• change in bowel patterns
• acute pain

Question 25

what is the patient prep for scanning the colon?

Answer 25

- fasting - fill bladder - empty bladder

Question 26

why must a patient fill their bladder when scanning colon?

Answer 26

visualize sigmoid colon and rectum

Question 27

what do we do to look at areas of interest?

Answer 27

higher frequency transducer

Question 28

what probes do we use when scanning the colon?

Answer 28

- linear - convex linear - some sector probes - transvaginal for women (good sigmoid and rectum)

Question 29

Is bowel compressible?

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

how many layers of the gut might we see?

Answer 30

up to 5 layers

Question 31

what echogenicity do we see for the muscular components of the gut wall?

Answer 31

hypoechoic

Question 32

what are the muscular components of the gut wall?

Answer 32

- Muscularis mucosa | - Muscularis propria

Question 33

what layers of the gut wall are hyperechoic?

Answer 33

1,3,5

Question 34

what layers of the gut wall are hypoechoic?

Answer 34

2.4

Question 35

what does the stomach look like in cross section?

Answer 35

bull's eye | -echogenic central area and hypoechoic rim

Question 36

normal gut wall is________

Answer 36

uniform and compliant

Question 37

what is the average thickness of a distended and not distended gut wall?

Answer 37

distended-3mm | not distended-5mm

Question 38

what is seen in small bowel and stomach?

Answer 38

peristalsis (we look for movement)

Question 39

do we see peristalsis in large bowel?

Answer 39

no

Question 40

intraluminal air

Answer 40

Gas content within gut lumen

Question 41

Intraluminal fluid

Answer 41

mimik cystic masses

Question 42

Fecal material can create ___________

Answer 42

artifacts and pseudotumors

Question 43

what is abnormal is gut wall with doppler?

Answer 43

Hypervascular or hypovascular where tenderness felt

Question 44

when is appendicitis more common?

Answer 44

young people

Question 45

why do we use ultrasound to look at appendix?

Answer 45

- good at ruling out gallstones, cysts, e.t.c | - radiation with CT

Question 46

what does the appendix look like?

Answer 46

Long, tubular structure that extends from the cecum

Question 47

where is the appendix found?

Answer 47

Located on the abdominal wall under McBurney’s point

Question 48

how do you find McBurney's point?

Answer 48

- Draw a line from the right anterosuperior iliac spine to the umbilicus. - At approximately the midpoint of this line lies the root of the appendix.

Question 49

what is the normal size of an appendix?

Answer 49

less than 6mm in AP diameter

Question 50

appendix has a __________

Answer 50

blind end or tip

Question 51

where are we scanning on the body with the groin?

Answer 51

Between the iliac crest and pubic symphysis

Question 52

what is our landmark when scanning the groin?

Answer 52

Inferior Epigastric vessels

Question 53

where are the Inferior Epigastric vessels?

Answer 53

- Arise from the External iliac vessels | - Courses superomedially

Question 54

why do we scan the groin?

Answer 54

hernias - inguinal (indirect or direct) - femoral - spigelian

Question 55

when are patients sent for ultrasound of the groin?

Answer 55

pain with a lump

Question 56

what are US advantages to scanning the groin for hernias?

Answer 56

-Scan patient upright and supine -Dynamic maneuvers (Valsalva and Compression)

Question 57

what patient prep is required for scanning the groin?

Answer 57

no patient prep required

Question 58

what organs have high metabolic rates?

Answer 58

- liver - spleen - kidneys

Question 59

organs with high metabolic rates have ______ resistance vascular beds

Answer 59

low resistance

Question 60

what organs have low metabolic rates?

Answer 60

- stomach - small intestine - muscle

Question 61

organs with low metabolic rates have ______ resistance vascular beds

Answer 61

high resistance

Question 62

what does red colour in colour doppler indicate?

Answer 62

- above baseline | - towards probe

Question 63

what does blue colour in colour doppler indicate?

Answer 63

- below baseline | - away from probe

Question 64

blood flow pattern has :

Answer 64

- low or high resistance | - monophasic, biphasic, triphasic

Question 65

suprarenal aorta

Answer 65

- supplies low resistance organs | - continuous forward flow throughout cardiac cycle

Question 66

intrarenal aorta

Answer 66

- supplies high resistance organs | - high resistance waveforms, triphasic

Question 67

what resistance does the celiac trunk have

Answer 67

low resistance

Question 68

what does the celiac trunk supply?

Answer 68

liver and spleen

Question 69

how much oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery supplies the liver?

Answer 69

20-30%

Question 70

what does the SMA supply?

Answer 70

- stomach - small intestine - colon

Question 71

what resistance is there with fasting?

Answer 71

-high resistance flow

Question 72

what resistance is there with postprandial (after eating)?

Answer 72

low resistance flow

Question 73

what does the renal arteries supply?

Answer 73

kidneys

Question 74

are the kidneys high or low resistance?

Answer 74

low resistance

Question 75

do the kidneys have high or low resistance waveforms?

Answer 75

low resistance

Question 76

what is the IVC proximal segment pattern?

Answer 76

- "w" pattern from back pressure | - variable depending on respiration and regurgitation from right atrium

Question 77

hepatic veins are pulsatility from_____

Answer 77

cardiac reflection and respiration

Question 78

renal veins empty from__________

Answer 78

kidneys to IVC

Question 79

what is flow from renal veins influenced by?

Answer 79

systemic circulation

Question 80

hepatic artery brings fresh __________blood from the aorta

Answer 80

oxygenated

Question 81

what does hepatofugal mean?

Answer 81

blood flow away from liver

Question 82

what does hepatopedal mean?

Answer 82

blood flow towards the liver

Question 83

in hepatofugal is PW above or below baseline?

Answer 83

below baseline

Question 84

in hepatopedal is PW above or below baseline?

Answer 84

PW above the baseline

Question 85

what is the flow velocity of the main portal vein?

Answer 85

commonly somewhat phasic

Question 86

look at the sizes of the endometrium

Answer 86

on powerpointd????

Question 87

female slide 65

Answer 87

late proliferative