Test 2 Flashcards
when would the constitution be official law?
after ratification
Federalists
supported the Constitution and strong central government
The Federalist Papers
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote a series of opinion-essays
Antifederalists
opposed the strong central government want a stated bill of rights/ ◦ still feel that if they don’t have more reps for themselves they’ll be overwhelmed by elite of fed gov
washington’s elections
• after constitution ratified, the electoral college elected washington unanimously as the first president in 1789 and again in the 1792 election. He chose Jefferson and Hamilton to lead his first cabinet. John Adams, who came in 2nd in election became 1st VP. no politics party.
◦
placement cabinet branches
group of advisors/cabinet part of executive branch
how were VPs elected
VPs were runner ups to presidents in election
• mason dixon line
official boundary between N and S
America in 1790
Predominantly a rural society
● 80% of households were involved in agricultural production
● 750,000 African-Americans (20% of the population)
● Most lived in the south ; about 10% lived in the North or on the frontier
frontier
frontier–places white people haven’t taken over yet
Beginning a New Government
Congress convenes 3/4/1789
● Vote for President:
● Washington: 69 electoral votes
● John Adams: 34 electoral votes (becomes vice president)
● Bill of Rights adopted by Congress and then ratified by states in 1791
ratify
sign or give formal consent to (a treaty, contract, or agreement), making it officially valid.
Hamilton
Federalist & first Secretary of the treasury in Washington’s cabinet
● Said war debt was a national responsibility to be paid by all states, since all benefited
● Called for national assumption of states’ debt
● This also built a sense of American nationalism
● Controversy: Most debt was held by North; sharing it didn’t seem fair to the South
Hamilton and the National Bank
original
Wanted a bank that would print a national currency and take care of war debt
● Would be a source for expanding capital in a growing economy
● Argues that the bank is necessary therefore falls under Article I of the Constitution
Jefferson and the National Bank
Jefferson argues that the bank does not fall under Article I’s “nec and proper” clause
● Madison & antifeds also led opposition, saying that it was unconstitutional
● N reps voted 33-1 for bank; S reps voted 19-6 against it
● This to question of a strict or broad interpretation of the Constitution?
Hamilton and the National Bank
contd
Washington accepted Hamilton argument that the gov’t had the right to establish
certain institutions whether or not they were clearly defined in the Constitution
NB is created; overseen by federal gov’t but 80% financed by outside investors
W’s precedent
2 terms
Hamilton–achievements
Achievements:
● Enhanced value of the dollar ● Secured the govt credit ● Attracted foreign capital ● prosperity began to flourish!
credit (+H)
good credit–how good you are at paying back debts. Hamilton–taking on state debt shows good credit
Ham–Weaknesses:
● Never really understood the people
of the farms and frontier ● Accused of being elitist
Jay’s Treaty
John Jay sent to England to negotiate:
● Stop seizing US ships
● Vacate forts on the frontier
● repayment for stolen crops and slaves ● Treaty on commerce in the W Indies
● Jay returned with only 2 of these met ● Treaty is met with outrage but Washington accepts it
The Whiskey Rebellion
● Hamilton’s 1791 excise tax on whiskey angered frontier farmers ● Summer of 1794: revolts break out in western PA ● Washington calls on the army to suppress the rebellion ● Set an example of fed law, authority, and follow-through
antithesis of shays rebellion–govt jumped into action
Pinckney’s Treaty
Established intentions of friendship between the US and Spain ● Defined America’s Western boundaries & guarantees right to the Mississippi River
JStreet
British treaty, so Mississippi River only transport method
John Adams’ Presidency
federalist
● The French were plundering American ships and had broken off diplomatic relations.
● Adams restores relations with France, but runs into issues with the xyz affair
● quasiwar: An undeclared naval war results from the affair
● Ideological war between the Feds and Anti-Federalists (Dem-Republicans) ● The Revolutionary War generation was splintering into two sides
tallyrand
french FM
Farewell address
just recite one last time
The Alien & Sedition Acts
● Alien Acts: empowered the President to deport “dangerous” aliens at his discretion ● Sedition Acts: criminalized making false statements critical of the government ● Seen by Republicans as measures against freedom of speech
Opposition to the Acts
● Jefferson and Madison lead the outspoken anger against the Acts ● Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - Declared the Acts as “alarming infractions” on constitutional rights ● Anger led to Jefferson defeat of Adams in 1800
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions–
fed govt passes a law that state govt believes is unconstitutional that state won’t follow it
HoR tiebreaker–1800
HoR has to vote to tiebreak–36th vote wins Jefferson bc of Hamilton.
Election of 1800 Breakdown:
Thomas Jefferson 73 electoral votes •
Aaron Burr 73 electoral votes •
John Adams 65 electoral votes
Why does Jefferson call the 1800 election the “Revolution of 1800”? In what ways was it a revolution?
peaceful transfer of power between political rivals for first time
ratification of Constitution
nine out if the thirteen states need to ratify it it’s one thing to say 9 stated ratified it so everyone must follow it it’s nice to say that nine will make it into effect but in reality to make it have teeth it must be everyone everyone must ratify it to make it be able to do something
Total representatives congressional-
all electoral vote / electors to cast these votes
Every state has at least three electors one in house and two in senate
what did adams do before leaving office?
federal judges serve for life
Adams packs supreme court w federalist judges
- What is the main issue of Marbury v Madison case?
Madison didn’t deliver commissions
What is a
writ of mandamus?
order that requires an official to perform or refrain from performing a certain duty
- How does Marbury plan on forcing Madison to deliver his working papers?
writ of mandamus
William Marbury,
Adams had appointed as justice of the peace of the District of Columbia, was one of these last-minute appointees who did not receive his commission from Madison
why didn’t Madison deliver rest of commissions?
jefferson told him not to
John Marshall
Adams’ secretary of state-didn’t finish delivering commissions– the person who had failed to deliver the commission in the first place — was the new Chief Justice
John Marshall ruling
rule that writ of m is unconstitutional and court cannot force it–can only rule on whether congress laws are constitutional or unconstitutional
giving themselves power of judicial review
judicial review
rule on whether congress laws are constitutional or unconstitutional
The war of 1812
Jefferson serves for two terms and then James Madison was elected president democratic republican from Virginia
Britain burns DC
British were kidnapping our soldiers and forcing them into their navy
Don’t leave the forts they were supposed to after revelation
Pushed Indians to attack us
Second American revelation Britain was thinking they would take over again but they don’t
Napoleon Bonaparte
leader of France-1800 gained Louisiana territory from spain. sold it to Jefferson in 1803
lewis and clark
sent to explore louisiana territory from 1804-1806 guided by sacajawea
The war of 1812 ends
Treaty of Ghent a neutrality treaty
Soldiers in New Orleans didn’t know that the war was over and they beat the British Andrew Jackson who gains his fame at the battle of New Orleans- leads the troops here this battle was a victory for the US
Inventions change America
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which removes seeds from cotton made it much faster and increased slavery in the south
700,000 - I.5 million slaves north and south become vastly different in their culture and practice of slavery
The USA develops contrasting regions
Because Jefferson trys to avoid war he passes the embargo act no trading with other countries this forces us to do a lot. MOre on our own
. North was becoming industrialized take leather make boots
South is still agricultural
The industrial revolution the rise of factory and and machines
star spangled banner
The star spangled banner about the war of 1812
National anthem
Francis Scott Key
In 1931 it becomes the official national anthem by congress
The impact of the war of 1812
First the Federalist Party is dead , because the federalist were pro British elite manufactures doing things the British war
Second because we were forced to produce what be needed there was a boom in production this led to the market revelation
Third the war confirmed the USA independence from britain
sections of the constitution
- The Preamble, which is the opening statement, sets out the goals of the Constitution
- The Articles form the structure of the federal government and the 3 branches of the government.
- The Amendments are changes and additions added later. The first 10 Amendments are the Bill of Rights.
1st Amendment
freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition
2nd amendment
states right to militia and people’s to bear arms
3rd amendment
don’t have to feed/house soldiers except for if congress forces it during war
4th amendment
prohibits unreasonable search and seizure
5th amendment
describes rights of citizens in criminal cases
6th amendment
right to a fair trial
7th amendment
right to trial by jury
8th amendment
no cruel and unusual punishment
9th amendment
people retain rights not specifically in constitution
10th amendment
states and peoples have all the powers the feds don’t
constitutional convention
ratification of constitution + addition of BoR/say 9/13 but really need 13/13
Melancton smith basic
“Therefore, the number of
representatives should be so
large that both rich and poor people
will choose to be representatives.”
Ham opinion basic
The new constitution does not make a rich man more eligible for an elected office than a poor person…behavior of the wealthy is less wicked and sinful”
growing fed govt
A plan called the “American System” was led
by Henry Clay of Kentucky and James Madison. -The plan called for tariffs (taxes on foreign
products), reviving the national bank, and
increasing transportation infrastructure in the
USA.-In 1816, The Second Bank of the USA was
opened.
Slavery Causes Tension
-In relation to slavery, the Missouri
Compromise came about in 1820. -Missouri wanted to enter the Union
as a slave state.-Many in the North felt this would give
too much power to the South in
Congress.
notes on slavery politics
people need money to buy so North doesn’t want northern slaves so people can buy product
but slavery is good in the south for north bc cotton is cheaper to buy from south bc labor is free
so louisiana purchase–slave area?
free states want more free states and slave states want more slave states–each puts more fed govt in their direction
11 free states and 11 slave states
missouri would make an imbalance
North is not anti slavery
Missouri compromise
-For a compromise, Maine was added as a free
state to bring balance to the Legislative Branch,
meaning the North and South would have similar
influence in Congress.
-The compromise stated that all future states
above 36’ 30’ would be free and states below this
region could be slave states.
-Henry Clay of Kentucky had a great role in the
compromise.
only talking about senate; 3630 is S border of Missouri; compromise only applies to L purchase territory; mason dixon line =/= 3630
it’s between maryland and PA; king cotton=deep south
Jackson is only…
only non virginian, non adams president so far
The Rise of Andrew Jackson
-In 1824, the election was too close to call and
the House of Representatives chose the victor.
Henry Clay, a candidate, forfeited his Electoral
College votes to John Quincy Adams.
-Andrew Jackson called this the corrupt bargain
and used it to support his Presidential campaign
in 1828.
-In 1828, Andrew Jackson, a veteran of the War
of 1812, was elected President.After the so called “corrupt bargain” in 1824, John Quincy
Adams was awarded the votes that originally went to Henry
Clay and defeated Andrew Jackson. Yet, Jackson would win
the Election of 1828.
xyz affair
reps who say to meet tallyrand, pay
The Amendments
changes and additions
added later. The first 10 Amendments are the Bill of Rights.
Voltaire,
an Enlightenment thinker, insisted all
governments needed freedom of
speech
3 branches
These included the legislative,
executive, and judicial branches that provided “checks and balances” of power. This was an idea
from the Enlightenment thinker Montesquieu, who taught that government must divide its power
to prevent dictators and monarchs.
The Great Compromise of Roger Sherman + 3/5
suggested having a Senate of equal
representation and a House of Representatives based on population. The 3/5 Compromise also was
adopted. It stated the South could count slaves as 3/5 of a person.
Why is LP a problem? How does J solve this?
Constitution doesn’t give Jefferson land-buying powers, so he does it as a treaty
impressment
Britain was taking USA ships through a
process called impressment, in which they forced the USA ships into the British Navy.
1812 war main areas
The war was fought in three main areas. First, at sea, the British
blockaded certain areas on the Atlantic coast of the USA. Second, battles were fought
on the Canadian American border. Third, there were major battles in the Gulf Coast in
which the American forces defeated a British invasion New Orleans.
constitution purpose
replace articles of confederation, which was falling apart as a quick govt solution
Change in how electing VP
votes separately for P and VP
Dem-Repub v Fs–strict or broad
Antifederalists/DemRepubs = strict interpretation of constitution; Fs=broad
Embargo Act
Jefferson shuts down trade–US was getting stuff before and now they make their own–North grows as cotton becomes king in S
