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History US > Muckrakers-->WWI > Flashcards

Muckrakers-->WWI Flashcards

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1
Q

muckraker

A

The “Muckrakers” were crusading journalists, photographers and authors who
published their work in order to raise awareness of social issues and injustices.

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2
Q

goals of progressivism

A

protecting social welfare ● promoting moral reform ● reforming the economy ● making businesses more efficient

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3
Q

Upton Sinclair

A

wrote the Jungle, investigated and exposed bad conditions at meatpacking plant. resulted in Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act.

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4
Q

Gilded Age

A

Mark Twain coined the term to describe America from about 1870-1900 ● when political corruption was hidden under a golden gilding of massive
industrial and economic growth ● the process of applying, the material used in, or the surface
produced by applying gold leaf or gold paint.
● Extraordinary wealth on one side was matched by extreme poverty
in the slums of the cities

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5
Q

Jacob Riis

A

Years in extreme poverty ● Used photography to crusade for better living conditions for impoverished
immigrants in NYC
○ How The Other Half Lives ● Theodore Roosevelt called him “the most useful citizen of New York.”
his work led to building codes

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6
Q

Ida B Wells

A

wrote A Red Record. fought African American lynchings. her work led to NAACP

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7
Q

Ida Tarbell

A

wrote History of Standard Oil Company, exposing Rockefeller’s tactics. led to company being denied monopoly.

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8
Q

Frank Norris

A

wrote the Octopus, fiction that exposed railroads in Calif as monopolies taking advantage

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9
Q

Lincoln Steffens

A

Shame of the Cities explored political corruption across US cities

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10
Q

JP Morgan

A

dominated finance and banking and once loaned to the US itself to help a crisis.
bought Carnegie Steel Company

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11
Q

Robber Barons

A

?illionaires during Gilded Age who would exploit others to get ahead

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12
Q

John D Rockefeller

A

dominated oil industry by buying up competitors and creating monopoly

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13
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

dominated steel after realizing benefits of new Bessemer process. started in Pittsburgh, spread across US, supplied for bridges, skyscrapers, railroads

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14
Q

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A

dominated railroad and shipping in US; created east coast monopoly on transportation.

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15
Q

Horizontal Integration

A

John Rockefeller method. Buys up all competition to eliminate.

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16
Q

Vertical Integration

A

Andrew Carnegie method. buying all resources/companies related to industry (ex supply chain) to keep costs low. controls resources for your industry.

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17
Q

Monopoly

A

company has a claim on all business of a certain kind.

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18
Q

Nativists

A

Americans who hated immigrants and tried to limit entry

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19
Q

Old Immigrants

A

North/West Europeans who came seeking economic opportunities and religious freedom

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20
Q

New Immigrants

A

East/South Europeans and Asians who came seeking economic opportunities + fleeing revolutions

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21
Q

NAWSA

A

suffragist organization (National American Woman Suffrage Organization.) Less extreme, more inclined to use official govt channels to get their way. Peaceful. Wants representation. Led by Carrie Chapman Catt. Anti NWP. Led to many states enfranchising women pre19th Amendment.

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22
Q

NWP

A

National Women’s Party. More extreme. Protested and demonstrated against president. Hunger strikes. Led by Alice Paul.

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23
Q

19th Amendment

A

Women earn the right to vote in 1920.

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24
Q

Main causes of WWI

A

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

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25
Q

WW1 nicknames

A

called “war to end all wars” or “great war” until WW2

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26
Q

two biggest empires before WW1

A

GB + France

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27
Q

Militarism definition

A

The policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war

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28
Q

Which country greatly increased military, setting others on edge pre WW1?

A

Germany

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29
Q

Alliances definition

A

agreements between nations to give aid and to protect one another

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30
Q

How did the system of alliances bring countries into the war?

A

One would pull the next in

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31
Q

triple entente –

A

PREWAR alliance between Russia, France, GB

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32
Q

triple alliance

A

Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

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33
Q

nationalism–definition

A

Extreme pride or loyalty in one’s country or national identity, not nec to
do with govt

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34
Q

Imperialism definition

A

When one country takes over another country both economically and politically (creating an empire)

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35
Q

At the outset of WWI what country had the largest empire?

A

GB

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36
Q

How did imperialism lead to WW1?

A

GB, Germany, France needed foreign markets after increase in manufacturing caused by Industrial Revolution. Competed for economic expansion in Africa. GB and France resolved differences, GB + France and Germany clashed in North Africa.
Also, Ottoman empire in Middle East wanted by Austria-Hungary, Balkans, Russia.

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37
Q

Central Powers

A

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.

38
Q

How long did US watch WW1 without getting involved? Why?

A

1914-April 1917. America afraid of getting drawn in and fighting a war that wasn’t theirs.

More than 1/3 of the nation’s 92 million people were first- or second-generation immigrants. •Most American’s feared Germany’s militarism and opposed the autocrat Kaiser Wilhelm. •Trade and investments were important to business minded Americans

39
Q

Wilson’s reelection slogan and irony

A

“He kept us out of war.” Then he declared war on Germany

40
Q

why did US enter WW1?

A

Germany revived unrestricted submarine warfare and Zimmerman telegraph–tried to recruit Mexicans in exchange for lands the US had taken from Mexico. British got this telegram and released it to US

41
Q

Who dropped out when America entered WW1?

A

Russia

42
Q

American contribution to WW1

A

men, material, resources

43
Q

Assassination definition

A

To murder by surprise attack for political reasons

44
Q

Immediate spark of WW1

A

Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. Austria blames Serbia for Archduke’s death—declares WAR

45
Q

What happened after Austria declared war?

A

Germany pledges support for Austria-Hungary due a previously established alliance.
Russia pledges support for Serbia Germany declares WAR on Russia

46
Q

Stalemate

A

A situation in which neither side is able to gain the advantage

47
Q

How did modern warfare such as machine guns and long-range artillery and trench warfare contribute to the stalemate?

A

harder for one side to overpower the other

48
Q

● What were the conditions like for soldiers in WWI?

A

awful, trenches

49
Q

Propaganda War

A

filling newspapers w prowar stuff to keep people happy

50
Q

The Lusitania

A

German U-boat torpedoed and sank the RMS Lusitania, a British ocean liner en route from New York to Liverpool

51
Q

Neutrality

A

won’t be fighter in war (doesn’t mean no involvement at all)

52
Q

Woodrow Wilson

A

President at time, wrote 14pts

53
Q

•America’s neutrality begins to weaken due to a series of demands and broken promises made by the Germans

A

•On Feb 1 1,917 Germany violates the SUSSEX PLEDGE and resumes unrestricted submarine warfare •Wilson who was re-elected to president by running under the slogan “He kept us out of war.” cuts diplomatic ties with Germany.

54
Q

Sussex

A

Germany sinks the Sussex -a French passenger ship—SUSSEX PLEDGE->Germany agrees U-Boats will warn ships before attacking

55
Q

America OG response

A

. •On August 4 th 1914-President Wilson officially proclaims the United States a neutral country. •Two movements developed: •The preparedness movement •the peace movement.

56
Q

Propaganda war tactics

A

patriorism/nationalism, emphasizing enemy, supporting cause

57
Q

How did Congress pay for WW1?

A

taxes, liberty bonds, victory bonds

58
Q

Liberty bonds

A

americans lend $ to govt by buying them

59
Q

selective service act

A

draft. originally between 21 and 30–>18 and 45. 4.7mil Americans fought

60
Q

War Industry Board

A

decided on war goods

61
Q

Committee on Public Info

A

propaganda makers

62
Q

What happened when Germany declared war on Russia?

A

France pledges their support for Russia Germany declares WAR on France and invades Belgium on the way to invade France

63
Q

What happened when Germany invaded Belgium?

A

Great Britain supports Belgium and declares WAR on Germany

64
Q

trenchfoot

A

water drains to bottom of trenches. soldiers don’t have dry feet. causes trenchfoot.

65
Q

No Man’s Land

A

between 2 trenches

66
Q

14 Pts

A

no secret treaties, free seas, free trade and try to lower tariffs, reduce arms, territories more interest in mc policies, boundary changes, league of nations

14pts designed to stop more WWs
US doesn’t join in end
entered separate peace treaty
american expeditionary forces—doe boys

67
Q

mc

A

mother country

68
Q

David Lloyd George

A

PM of GB, won w “Make Germany Pay”

69
Q

results of war–Russia

A

no Central powers to make peace, ton of Communists

70
Q

Leaders of Europe working on postwar

A

WW, Clemanceau, (hope I spelled that right), DLG, Vittorio Orlando

71
Q

Espionage Act

A

spying/talking badly about LBs/not going along w draft–>prison, fines (what happened to free speech?)

72
Q

Sedition Act

A

basically no free speech in terms of the war.

73
Q

Food Rationing

A

Food Admin (Hoover)

74
Q

prohibition

A

banned alcohol–govt needed wheat

75
Q

National War Labor Board

A

stop strikes, opened up jobs + for women and blacks,

76
Q

Great Migration

A

ton of African Americans came for jobs

77
Q

Allies vs CP

A

America saved Paris from Germany; US helped win 2nd Marne; 11/3/1918 A-H surrenders; 11/11/1918 Germany ceases fire

78
Q

Wilson’s LoN vs actual LoN

A

Wilson was like everybody! and Frange, GB, Russia were like no!

79
Q

US changing WW1

A

convoy system–military ships escorting others (Sims)
barrier of water mines in N. Sea
+ confidence (Level Up!) for other nations

80
Q

new air weapons

A

planes, zeppelins, balloons

81
Q

new sea weapons

A

subs, torpedoes

82
Q

new land weapons

A

tanks, machine guns, poison gas

83
Q

The Treaty of Versailles

A

-The Ottoman Empire was sliced up and given
to France and Britain. The Middle East nations
were formed as a result later.
-Germany was dealt with harshly. The Germans
could no longer have an army. They were forced
to pay war damages. Over 30 billion dollars of
debt was placed on Germany.
-The treaty also created new European nations,
like Poland and Czechoslovakia.

84
Q

The Treaty of Versailles’ Weaknesses

A

-First, it placed on Germany a war guilt clause
and massive debt; it also took away their
imperialistic territories leaving them no way to
pay off their debts.
-Second, Russia, an ally, lost more land than
Germany!
-Third, it denied imperial territories
self-determination. The Vietnamese and others
were already seeking their independence.

85
Q

Opposition to the Treaty

A

-Many in the USA strongly opposed the treaty.
It did not stop imperialism, which meant nations
may fight for areas again in the future.
-Many leaders in the USA also opposed the
League of Nations. They wanted an isolationist
government and did not want to “fix” the world’s
problems.
-Senator Henry Lodge did not want the USA
economy or military intertwined with other
nations in the future.

86
Q

Wilson Refuses to Give Up

A

-Wilson ignored the Republicans who stood
against the League of Nations and urged the
nation to sign the treaty and join the league.
-In September of 1919, Wilson traveled 3000
miles in 3 weeks urging leaders to join the
League of Nations.
-On October 2nd, Wilson had a stroke and
could no longer petition for the USA to join the
League of Nations.

87
Q

Republicans Challenge Wilson

A 
-Henry Lodge led the movement for
the USA to not join the League of
Nations.
-In 1921, the USA signed a separate
treaty with Germany.
-The USA never joined the League
of Nations and Wilson’s desire for
peace was not achieved.
88
Q

The Impact of WW I on the World

A

-Many in the USA wanted “normalcy” and not to
be involved in European affairs. The USA
government and military became more powerful.
-Powerful fears appeared provoked by ideas
sweeping Europe. Europe experienced massive
causalities, political instability, and violence
remained.
-The first Communist state was established in Russia. In the decades that followed, militant
Fascists rose up and took Italy, Spain, and
Germany.

89
Q

Moderate Republicans

A

may have tended toward being Radical on some issues, after-all they led to war, but they didn’t fully support either the Radical or Conservative factions. Instead, they mediated the two sides and the different factions of Democrats.

90
Q

Conservative Republicans

A

took the total opposite stance of their Radical counterparts. They sympathized with the more moderate ex-Confederate soon-to-be once-again-Democrats. They wanted the Confederates forgiven, and the Union restored.

91
Q

Radical Republicans

A

demanded civil rights for freedmen (freed slaves), such as measures for ensuring their voting rights (negro suffrage, or today in “PC,” black suffrage).

92
Q

America enters WW

A

•Wilson asks Congress for permission to arm American Merchant ships. •Revolution in Russia removes the autocrat Czar Nicholas II from power. This removes concerns from Americans on being allied with the czar. •Between March 16-18 Germany sinks 3 United States ships •March 20-Wilson’s cabinet votes for war

History US (9 decks)

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