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Muckrakers-->WWI Flashcards

1
Q

muckraker

A

The “Muckrakers” were crusading journalists, photographers and authors who
published their work in order to raise awareness of social issues and injustices.

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2
Q

goals of progressivism

A

protecting social welfare ● promoting moral reform ● reforming the economy ● making businesses more efficient

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3
Q

Upton Sinclair

A

wrote the Jungle, investigated and exposed bad conditions at meatpacking plant. resulted in Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act.

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4
Q

Gilded Age

A

Mark Twain coined the term to describe America from about 1870-1900 ● when political corruption was hidden under a golden gilding of massive
industrial and economic growth ● the process of applying, the material used in, or the surface
produced by applying gold leaf or gold paint.
● Extraordinary wealth on one side was matched by extreme poverty
in the slums of the cities

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5
Q

Jacob Riis

A

Years in extreme poverty ● Used photography to crusade for better living conditions for impoverished
immigrants in NYC
○ How The Other Half Lives ● Theodore Roosevelt called him “the most useful citizen of New York.”
his work led to building codes

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6
Q

Ida B Wells

A

wrote A Red Record. fought African American lynchings. her work led to NAACP

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7
Q

Ida Tarbell

A

wrote History of Standard Oil Company, exposing Rockefeller’s tactics. led to company being denied monopoly.

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8
Q

Frank Norris

A

wrote the Octopus, fiction that exposed railroads in Calif as monopolies taking advantage

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9
Q

Lincoln Steffens

A

Shame of the Cities explored political corruption across US cities

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10
Q

JP Morgan

A

dominated finance and banking and once loaned to the US itself to help a crisis.
bought Carnegie Steel Company

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11
Q

Robber Barons

A

?illionaires during Gilded Age who would exploit others to get ahead

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12
Q

John D Rockefeller

A

dominated oil industry by buying up competitors and creating monopoly

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13
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

dominated steel after realizing benefits of new Bessemer process. started in Pittsburgh, spread across US, supplied for bridges, skyscrapers, railroads

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14
Q

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A

dominated railroad and shipping in US; created east coast monopoly on transportation.

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15
Q

Horizontal Integration

A

John Rockefeller method. Buys up all competition to eliminate.

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16
Q

Vertical Integration

A

Andrew Carnegie method. buying all resources/companies related to industry (ex supply chain) to keep costs low. controls resources for your industry.

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17
Q

Monopoly

A

company has a claim on all business of a certain kind.

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18
Q

Nativists

A

Americans who hated immigrants and tried to limit entry

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19
Q

Old Immigrants

A

North/West Europeans who came seeking economic opportunities and religious freedom

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20
Q

New Immigrants

A

East/South Europeans and Asians who came seeking economic opportunities + fleeing revolutions

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21
Q

NAWSA

A

suffragist organization (National American Woman Suffrage Organization.) Less extreme, more inclined to use official govt channels to get their way. Peaceful. Wants representation. Led by Carrie Chapman Catt. Anti NWP. Led to many states enfranchising women pre19th Amendment.

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22
Q

NWP

A

National Women’s Party. More extreme. Protested and demonstrated against president. Hunger strikes. Led by Alice Paul.

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23
Q

19th Amendment

A

Women earn the right to vote in 1920.

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24
Q

Main causes of WWI

A

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

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25
WW1 nicknames
called "war to end all wars" or "great war" until WW2
26
two biggest empires before WW1
GB + France
27
Militarism definition
The policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war
28
Which country greatly increased military, setting others on edge pre WW1?
Germany
29
Alliances definition
agreements between nations to give aid and to protect one another
30
How did the system of alliances bring countries into the war?
One would pull the next in
31
triple entente --
PREWAR alliance between Russia, France, GB
32
triple alliance
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
33
nationalism--definition
Extreme pride or loyalty in one's country or national identity, not nec to do with govt
34
Imperialism definition
When one country takes over another country both economically and politically (creating an empire)
35
At the outset of WWI what country had the largest empire?
GB
36
How did imperialism lead to WW1?
GB, Germany, France needed foreign markets after increase in manufacturing caused by Industrial Revolution. Competed for economic expansion in Africa. GB and France resolved differences, GB + France and Germany clashed in North Africa. Also, Ottoman empire in Middle East wanted by Austria-Hungary, Balkans, Russia.
37
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.
38
How long did US watch WW1 without getting involved? Why?
1914-April 1917. America afraid of getting drawn in and fighting a war that wasn't theirs. More than 1/3 of the nation’s 92 million people were first- or second-generation immigrants. •Most American’s feared Germany’s militarism and opposed the autocrat Kaiser Wilhelm. •Trade and investments were important to business minded Americans
39
Wilson's reelection slogan and irony
"He kept us out of war." Then he declared war on Germany
40
why did US enter WW1?
Germany revived unrestricted submarine warfare and Zimmerman telegraph--tried to recruit Mexicans in exchange for lands the US had taken from Mexico. British got this telegram and released it to US
41
Who dropped out when America entered WW1?
Russia
42
American contribution to WW1
men, material, resources
43
Assassination definition
To murder by surprise attack for political reasons
44
Immediate spark of WW1
Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. Austria blames Serbia for Archduke’s death—declares WAR
45
What happened after Austria declared war?
Germany pledges support for Austria-Hungary due a previously established alliance. Russia pledges support for Serbia Germany declares WAR on Russia
46
Stalemate
A situation in which neither side is able to gain the advantage
47
How did modern warfare such as machine guns and long-range artillery and trench warfare contribute to the stalemate?
harder for one side to overpower the other
48
● What were the conditions like for soldiers in WWI?
awful, trenches
49
Propaganda War
filling newspapers w prowar stuff to keep people happy
50
The Lusitania
German U-boat torpedoed and sank the RMS Lusitania, a British ocean liner en route from New York to Liverpool
51
Neutrality
won't be fighter in war (doesn't mean no involvement at all)
52
Woodrow Wilson
President at time, wrote 14pts
53
•America’s neutrality begins to weaken due to a series of demands and broken promises made by the Germans
•On Feb 1 1,917 Germany violates the SUSSEX PLEDGE and resumes unrestricted submarine warfare •Wilson who was re-elected to president by running under the slogan “He kept us out of war.” cuts diplomatic ties with Germany.
54
Sussex
Germany sinks the Sussex -a French passenger ship—SUSSEX PLEDGE->Germany agrees U-Boats will warn ships before attacking
55
America OG response
. •On August 4 th 1914-President Wilson officially proclaims the United States a neutral country. •Two movements developed: •The preparedness movement •the peace movement.
56
Propaganda war tactics
patriorism/nationalism, emphasizing enemy, supporting cause
57
How did Congress pay for WW1?
taxes, liberty bonds, victory bonds
58
Liberty bonds
americans lend $ to govt by buying them
59
selective service act
draft. originally between 21 and 30-->18 and 45. 4.7mil Americans fought
60
War Industry Board
decided on war goods
61
Committee on Public Info
propaganda makers
62
What happened when Germany declared war on Russia?
France pledges their support for Russia Germany declares WAR on France and invades Belgium on the way to invade France
63
What happened when Germany invaded Belgium?
Great Britain supports Belgium and declares WAR on Germany
64
trenchfoot
water drains to bottom of trenches. soldiers don't have dry feet. causes trenchfoot.
65
No Man's Land
between 2 trenches
66
14 Pts
no secret treaties, free seas, free trade and try to lower tariffs, reduce arms, territories more interest in mc policies, boundary changes, league of nations 14pts designed to stop more WWs US doesn’t join in end entered separate peace treaty american expeditionary forces—doe boys
67
mc
mother country
68
David Lloyd George
PM of GB, won w "Make Germany Pay"
69
results of war--Russia
no Central powers to make peace, ton of Communists
70
Leaders of Europe working on postwar
WW, Clemanceau, (hope I spelled that right), DLG, Vittorio Orlando
71
Espionage Act
spying/talking badly about LBs/not going along w draft-->prison, fines (what happened to free speech?)
72
Sedition Act
basically no free speech in terms of the war.
73
Food Rationing
Food Admin (Hoover)
74
prohibition
banned alcohol--govt needed wheat
75
National War Labor Board
stop strikes, opened up jobs + for women and blacks,
76
Great Migration
ton of African Americans came for jobs
77
Allies vs CP
America saved Paris from Germany; US helped win 2nd Marne; 11/3/1918 A-H surrenders; 11/11/1918 Germany ceases fire
78
Wilson's LoN vs actual LoN
Wilson was like everybody! and Frange, GB, Russia were like no!
79
US changing WW1
convoy system--military ships escorting others (Sims) barrier of water mines in N. Sea + confidence (Level Up!) for other nations
80
new air weapons
planes, zeppelins, balloons
81
new sea weapons
subs, torpedoes
82
new land weapons
tanks, machine guns, poison gas
83
The Treaty of Versailles
-The Ottoman Empire was sliced up and given to France and Britain. The Middle East nations were formed as a result later. -Germany was dealt with harshly. The Germans could no longer have an army. They were forced to pay war damages. Over 30 billion dollars of debt was placed on Germany. -The treaty also created new European nations, like Poland and Czechoslovakia.
84
The Treaty of Versailles’ Weaknesses
-First, it placed on Germany a war guilt clause and massive debt; it also took away their imperialistic territories leaving them no way to pay off their debts. -Second, Russia, an ally, lost more land than Germany! -Third, it denied imperial territories self-determination. The Vietnamese and others were already seeking their independence.
85
Opposition to the Treaty
-Many in the USA strongly opposed the treaty. It did not stop imperialism, which meant nations may fight for areas again in the future. -Many leaders in the USA also opposed the League of Nations. They wanted an isolationist government and did not want to “fix” the world’s problems. -Senator Henry Lodge did not want the USA economy or military intertwined with other nations in the future.
86
Wilson Refuses to Give Up
-Wilson ignored the Republicans who stood against the League of Nations and urged the nation to sign the treaty and join the league. -In September of 1919, Wilson traveled 3000 miles in 3 weeks urging leaders to join the League of Nations. -On October 2nd, Wilson had a stroke and could no longer petition for the USA to join the League of Nations.
87
Republicans Challenge Wilson
``` -Henry Lodge led the movement for the USA to not join the League of Nations. -In 1921, the USA signed a separate treaty with Germany. -The USA never joined the League of Nations and Wilson’s desire for peace was not achieved. ```
88
The Impact of WW I on the World
-Many in the USA wanted “normalcy” and not to be involved in European affairs. The USA government and military became more powerful. -Powerful fears appeared provoked by ideas sweeping Europe. Europe experienced massive causalities, political instability, and violence remained. -The first Communist state was established in Russia. In the decades that followed, militant Fascists rose up and took Italy, Spain, and Germany.
89
Moderate Republicans
may have tended toward being Radical on some issues, after-all they led to war, but they didn’t fully support either the Radical or Conservative factions. Instead, they mediated the two sides and the different factions of Democrats.
90
Conservative Republicans
took the total opposite stance of their Radical counterparts. They sympathized with the more moderate ex-Confederate soon-to-be once-again-Democrats. They wanted the Confederates forgiven, and the Union restored.
91
Radical Republicans
demanded civil rights for freedmen (freed slaves), such as measures for ensuring their voting rights (negro suffrage, or today in “PC,” black suffrage).
92
America enters WW
•Wilson asks Congress for permission to arm American Merchant ships. •Revolution in Russia removes the autocrat Czar Nicholas II from power. This removes concerns from Americans on being allied with the czar. •Between March 16-18 Germany sinks 3 United States ships •March 20-Wilson’s cabinet votes for war

History US (9 decks)

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