Test 1 Flashcards
The American Revolution dates
(1775-1783)
majority of population density was___
in the north
7 years war/F/I war
global conflict, going on for a while
f/i war part that takes place in NA
f/i war
◦ 1754-1763 France and england fighting over land in NA
main point for imperial rivalries
• western frontier of british NA (ohio valley)
who was involved in the ohio valley disputes?
ohio valley involved french, british, indians, settlers
what groups did the french settlers consist of?
consisted of young fur traders and catholic clergy
what helped the french settlers establish good relations with the Indians?
trade
British settlers occupations and significance
◦ english protestant farmers and had to cut down trees to farm, pissing off F/I bc animals are going to be gone
Sides of F/I war
‣ Indians join F in war against colonies/Britain
Indian style fighting
guerilla
middle ground villages
tribes lived with traders and missionaries
what had Indians figured out by 18c?
direct military confrontations meant suicide and any european alliance was dangerous
what was the Indian strategy during F/I war? (military tactics)
played british and french off each other in ohio valley
what other settlers wanted Ohio valley?
scotch, irish, german, virginians wanted the valley
Who was the Ohio valley given to? How much?
◦ 1/2mil acres were given to ohio company
‣ including robert dinwiddie (royal govt) and lees, carters, george washington.
What did the Ohio Company grant lead to?
‣ grant sparked french to boost presence in area.
what sparked the war?
◦ company’s demand for french recognition of its land sparked seven years war (known as french and indian war)
France/Britain both looking to ___ from ____
expand into the same place–France from Canada, Britain from colonies
what was good about the ohio valley
access to Mississippi river
Washington’s debut
21 yr old battle of jumenville glen
battle of jumenville glen
• 1754 ordered to protect british fort near pittsburgh and met a french unit and fought in first battle
casualties jumenville glen america
GW lost 1/3 of men
fort dusquene
french built fort where british claimed land and sparks war
what did these territorial scuffles turn to and when? what did everyone do?
turned to war in 1756 and they both looked for allies in the tribes–french found them
who was winning at first (7yr)? what changed?
- french were winning at first–better resources and troops, drove them back
* tide turned 1757–william pitt took control and funded them
What city did Britain take from France in 1759?
Quebec
how did the war end?
w french defeat at battle of quebec and signing of treaty of paris
treaty of paris
◦ written in 1763
◦ B got canada and land east of mississippi river
◦ F got sugar islands guadeloupe and martinique
◦ spain gave fluoride for philippines and cuba (seized by B during war) and got Louisiana from F
spain’s involvement in 7yr war
‣ Spain had teamed up w France to stop colonies/Britain
‣ Spain and F-Catholic, England–protestant (religious war)
what did the treaty damage in PA
quaker rule in PA and ruined tribe accommodations there
West PA during war
◦ govt declared war on delaware, raised militia, offered bouty for Indian scalps,
◦ ton of quaker govt people resigned
What happened to PA in 1760?
‣ 1760–PA’s holy experiment ended, along with Penn’s promise of friendship and amity
◦ dec 1763 during P’s rebellion, party of 50 majority S-I immigrants from Paxton did….
destroyed indian village conestoga,
‣ massacring 1/2 dozen men, women, children who lived there under PA govt protection.
‣ marched Philly in Feb 1764 wanting to attack moravian indians nearby
What did the Paxton immigrants’ actions lead to?
‣ govt ordered expulsion of indian population.
Colonies main weakness
not unified
Albany plan of union 1764
◦ B Franklin outbreak of war–grand council, delegates from each colony, levy taxes and deal with indian relations and common defense,
◦ rejected by colonial assemblies and never sent on
GB financial problems
◦ cost of governing + defending Britain’s vast empire made Bs most heavily taxed in world
◦ Britain struggled w heavy debts and taxes while colonies prospering (who were annoyed by lack of representation)
direct representation
elected delegates from YOU
virtual representation
represented by default
• British North America in 1763
‣ Canada ‣ American Colonies ‣ Ohio ‣ Mississippi River Valleys ‣ Florida ◦ 200,000 Indians lived in territory west of Appalachian Mountains
• Pontiac’s Rebellion: 1763 background
‣ french departure in E NA after FI war eliminated balanced power diplomacy with the Indian groups.
• indian mindset–domination=loss of freedom; french had given it away w/o asking.
• Pontiac’s Rebellion: basics
- Alliance of Indians led by Pontiac (Ottawa war leader) attacked and beat British
* Only Fort Pitt, Niagara and Detroit remained under GB control• Britain regains control of Ohio Valley in 1764 •
• Pontiac’s Rebellion attack
◦ after french defeat in 1763, Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched revolt against GB.
How did Britain regain control of Ohio Valley in 1764
◦ by sending blankets with smallpox to Indians – and sending 10,000 troops to protect colonists
◦ British wanted Americans to help pay for army
• Proclamation of 1763
To keep peace with Indians Britain orders no settlement in new territory
◦ Wanted land between Appalachian and Mississippi as a barrier between Indians and English colonies
Why did Proclamation of 1763 cause tension?
GB trying to avoid conflict but colonies want western resources and land
colonies argument against Proclamation of 1763
‣ Colonists have already claimed some of the land and they did fight in the war but nooooo
‣ Most were farmers
‣ Political rights were tied to land ownership
‣ Americans angered by restrictions on settlement
‣ Colonists needed land for wealth
• Sugar Act 1764
◦ Sugar Act: tax on all sugar/molasses coming to America from anywhere BUT GB
‣ Also taxed coffee, wine, textiles
sugar act focus and result
discourage colonials from smuggling nonGB goods to avoid Parliament taxes
‣ reduced smuggling
‣ disrupted colony economy by increasing cost of imported items
• reduced exports to nonGB markets
sugar act response
‣ colonials protested act primarily bc economic impact, secondary political
◦ first time in history “NTWT” is seen
◦ response to sugar act: spite
‣ organized boycott of luxury GB goods
‣ 50 merchants agreed to boycott, began self-sufficiency production
• especially fabric
sugar act goal
◦ goal: raise reve to help deal w military cost of protecting colonies; beginning in 1764 GB govt tries to tax colonies to help
british necessity for sugar act
◦ Chancellor of Exchequer (Treasury) Grenville needed to raise money for wars Britain had fought against France
‣ Colonists had benefitted from wars (Wars eliminated French, Spanish, Dutch and Indian threats on land and sea)
• Pitt had borrowed a ton for F/I war
•
◦ Sugar Act reduced duty put in place in Molasses Act
◦ Grenville planned to enforce it unlike Molasses which was ignored
• Stamp Act (March 1765)
◦ Required a tax be paid on all pieces of paper
‣ Needed to be stamped to prove tax was paid
stamp act consequences for refusing/evading
• Could be fined or jailed for refusing or evading tax
stamp act significance
• first internal (direct) tax
◦ Paid directly by colonists
◦ Colonists didn’t mind external taxes but resented internal taxes