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Living World Religions > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many nations have a Muslim majority

A

50

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2
Q

How many Muslims in the world

A

1.5 billion Muslims

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3
Q

How many of the worlds Muslims are Arabs

A

20%

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4
Q

Arabic is the ____ most widely spoken language in the world

A

6th

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5
Q

a religious center that the Economy depends for Islam

A

Mecca

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6
Q

how many idols are worshiped at the Ka’aba (shrine goddess from heaven)

A

360

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7
Q

what are monotheistic Islam’s called

A

Hanifs

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8
Q

Hanifs are also called

A

pious ones

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9
Q

What type of Christianity believed Jesus could not have taken on the human flesh

A

Nestorian Christianity

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10
Q

What obvious void was filled among Arabas that Islam filled

A

political and religious

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11
Q

Born in Mecca, surrounded by pagan idols. Orphaned at age 5 and raised by his grandfather and uncle in the caravan business

A

Muhammad 570 CE

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12
Q

Date of the first revelations from Allah. “Night of Power”

A

610 CE

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13
Q

When Mahammad flees to Medina (Hijra) to escape persecution, founds a community (umma) that follows his revelations. Year 0 on the Muslim calendar; Year of Hijra = AH

A

622 CE

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14
Q

What is the year according to the Muslim calendar

A

1436 A.H.

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15
Q

Night of power occurs when

A

610 CE

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16
Q

what happened right after Mohammad’s death

A

The four righteous guided caliphs

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17
Q

The first Caliph after Mohammad

A

Abu Bakr

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18
Q

Abu Bakr was related how to Mohammad

A

father-in-law

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19
Q

Bakr’s successor the second Caliph

A

Umar

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20
Q

The Shi’as believe Muhammad appointed who

A

Ali

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21
Q

Who does the “Tenth Day of Muharram” commemorate with ritual self-flogging

A

Husayn’s

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22
Q

List 5 reasons of Islam appeals for the time.

A
  1. Christians was prejudiced; Muslims were not.
  2. Political void filled by Islam.
  3. Islam is a simple religion.
  4. Arabs were traders; people would convert for business.
  5. Muslims was adept at desert fighting
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23
Q

The “book of heaven” dictated to Muhammad by angel Gabriel

A

Qur’an

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24
Q

literal meaning of Qur’an

A

recitation

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25
Q

When was the Qur’an composed

A

throughout Mohammad’s life.

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26
Q

chapters of the Qur’an are called

A

suras

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27
Q

how many suras

A

114 chapters

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28
Q

Qur’an is only the Qur’an it is in what language

A

Arabic

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29
Q

a later revelation (in the Qur’an) trumps as earlier one (also in the Qur’an).

A

abrogation

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30
Q

what does the Qur’an call Jesus

A

Isa

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31
Q

how many times is Jesus named in the Qur’an

A

27

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32
Q

additional writing, including the words and deeds of Muhammad and other extra-Qur’anic traditions in six accepted collections

A

Hadith also called Sunna

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33
Q

The Hadith depicts whos life story

A

Mohammad

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34
Q

Who is the role model of submission to Allah

A

Mohammad

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35
Q

Muslims say that the Christians version of events are

A

corrupted beyond repair

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36
Q

Four books that the Islam accept

A

Torah, Psalms, Gospel, and Qur’an

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37
Q

literal translation for Islam

A

submission

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38
Q

literal translation for Muslim

A

one who submits

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39
Q

Six articles of faith

A
  1. Belief in God
  2. Belief in God’s angels
  3. Belief in God’s books
  4. Belief in the prophets and messengers of God
  5. Belief in the Day of Judgment
  6. Belief in the divine will or predestination
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40
Q

Tauhid

A

God is one!

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41
Q

shirk

A

idolatry

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42
Q

The worst sin

A

shirk

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43
Q

Takbir

A

God is great! Too great to be called father

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44
Q

Many Muslims long for a mediator which gives impetus to the what movement

A

Sufi movements (Muslim mystics)

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45
Q

what is the divine will or predestination called

A

al-Qadar

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46
Q

M Where are we and what is this place like?

A

world created by Allah and controlled by Him thru’ powers of Fate

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47
Q

M Who are we and where are we going?

A

Subjects of Allah, created for submission to the Qur’an, which even Allah consults on occasion

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48
Q

M What’s the problem and what is right and wrong?

A

Rebellion against the will of Allah

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49
Q

What’s the solution?

A

submission

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50
Q

How do we know?

A

Qur’an

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51
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A
  1. Say the Shahada throughout the day.
  2. Pray (salat) five times a day, facing Mecca
  3. Alms
  4. Hajja
  5. Fasting during Ramadan
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52
Q

write the Shahada

A

There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is his prophet

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53
Q

call to prayer

A

Allah-hu-Akbar,

God is great!

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54
Q

call to prayer always begins with what

A

fatiha

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55
Q

what is the fatiha

A

the opening

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56
Q

literal meaning of Mosque

A

place of prostration

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57
Q

how much are Muslims supposed to tithe

A

2.5%

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58
Q

another name for alms

A

zakat

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59
Q

pilgrimage to Mecca, only Muslims may visit Mecca

A

Hajj

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60
Q

The Ka’aba is considered what site

A

garden of Eden, Noah’s ark, etc.

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61
Q

what do you do during the hajj

A

reenacts important life events in Muhammad

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62
Q

celebrates the end of Ramadam with family gatherings, gifts and cards exchanged, special holiday meals etc.

A

Festival of Eid ul-Fitr

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63
Q

coincides with the Hajj, commemorates Abraham’s near sacrifice of Ishmael; families slaughter sheep, give portion to the poor

A

Festival Eid-ul-Adha

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64
Q

convert to Islam

A

confess the shahada and mean it

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65
Q

Are males circumcised in M

A

yes

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66
Q

Ultimate meaning of life; origins looks for truth

A

high religion

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67
Q

Well being guidance; success or failure, looking for power

A

low or folk religion

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68
Q

how to looks for control

A

science

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69
Q

The majority of Muslims are

A

85% Sunni

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70
Q

Sunni follow what codes

A

sharia

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71
Q

what sect is less dependent on imams

A

Sunnis

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72
Q

Shi’ites or Shi’as trace there successor to what caliph

A

Ali

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73
Q

A specific sect of Shi’ites, believed after the 7th imam, was to come from that same family.

A

Seveners or Ismailis in India

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74
Q

seveners are also called what in India

A

Ismailis

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75
Q

who is the present imam 49th

A

Prince Karim Aga Khan

76
Q

which sect founded al-Ashar University in Cairo, oldest university in the world

A

seveners

77
Q

Sect that discovered algebra and zero

A

seveners

78
Q

Believed after the imam line ceased after the 12th imam past Ali who mysteriously disappeared and will return as madhi

A

Twelver’s

79
Q

where are most of the twelvers

A

90% in Iran

80
Q

70% of Iraquis are what sect

A

70%

81
Q

founder of the Sufi movement

A

Rumi

82
Q

order known as the whirling devils

A

Mevlevi

83
Q

salafi movement is also called

A

wahhabiism

84
Q

name a sect prefers; meaning ancestors

A

Salafiya

85
Q

super conservative religious reform of the salafi was initiated by who

A

wahhab

86
Q

what sect is the leaders of Saudi Arabia

A

Salafi Movement Wahhabiism

87
Q

Osama bin Laden was from what sect

A

Salafi Movement Wahhabiism

88
Q

what is the fight in the way of God with those who fight with you, but aggress not: God loves not the aggressors

A

jihad

89
Q

jihad means

A

strive or struggle

90
Q

What does Jihad mean to orthodox Muslims

A

physical violence must never be used to advance Islam, should be propagated by reason and persuasion, may attack to defend

91
Q

Why do Muslim extremist hate America?

A
  1. America supports Israel (Israel invaded Palestine)
  2. America’s invasion of Islamic holy lands
  3. American moral decadence
92
Q

who started the Nation of Islam in Detroit

A

Wallace Fard (Master Muhammad)

93
Q

Who disappeared in 1934 and is considered the Incarnation of Allah

A

Master Warith Fard Muhammad

94
Q

went to a court in Cairo to prove he was a genuine Muslim permission to make Hajj

A

Malcom Little (Malik Shabazz)

95
Q

Malcolm Little’s alias

A

Malik Shabazz

96
Q

what impressed Malcolm little during his hijja

A

racial integration

97
Q

The Nation of Islam is now called

A

American Muslim Missions

98
Q

now what does the Nation of Islam stand for

A

racist movement louis Farrakhan.

99
Q

Hinduism is the way of what

A

way of works

100
Q

Ultimate reality and the liberation of the soul

A

Upanishads

101
Q

way of knowledge Hindu reform

A

vedantic

102
Q

way of devotion

A

Bhakti

103
Q

How was Hinduism brought to India

A

Aryan (fair skinned European nomads and warriors)

104
Q

book of knowledge written by the Hindu wise

A

vedas

105
Q

Rituals are prescribed by the four

A

Vedas

106
Q

hymn, the oldest of the vedas

A

Rig-Veda

107
Q

how many hymns are in the Rig-Veda

A

1028

108
Q

how many books are the Rig-Vedas divided into

A

10 books

109
Q

Most prominent gods in the Rig-Veda

A

Indra, Agni, Soma, Varuna,

110
Q

weather god

A

Indra

111
Q

god of fire

A

Agni

112
Q

god of the hallucinogenic plant

A

Soma

113
Q

god of heavenly morality and order

A

varuna

114
Q

mostly sacrificial formulas used by presiding priests in sacrifices. which Veda

A

Yajur- Veda

115
Q

Collection of songs and melodies used in sacrifice. Which Veda

A

Sama-Veda

116
Q

what are the three fold veda

A

Rig-, Yajur-, and Sama-

117
Q

very different from the other three vedas. Contains 731 hymns 20 books of spells and curses

A

Atharva-Veda

118
Q

Priests in training master what?

A

One of the four Vedas

119
Q

what is saying the right words, correctly performing the rituals

A

mantra

120
Q

what is a ritual often done at home meaning sacrifice

A

Puja

121
Q

three types of puja

A
  1. daily services
  2. routine individual sacrifices
  3. sacrifices on special occasions
122
Q

what do Puja services include

A

hymn, incense, bells, prayer, food, offerings

123
Q

other holy books

A

Brahmin, aranyakas

124
Q

sitting near a teacher

A

upanishads

125
Q

supplements to the Vedas

A

Vedanta

126
Q

complete oneness with Brahman, has renounced everything in total devotion to contemplation “renouncer”

A

sannyasin

127
Q

loving attachment,

A

Bhakti

128
Q

devotion

A

dharma

129
Q

Song of the Lord

A

Bhagavad-Gita

130
Q

describe the Bhagavad-Gita

A

Arjuna going to war w enemies Krishna (who is Vishnu) the chariot driver convinces him to fight his cousins

131
Q

Most popular gods in India today

A

Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, Devi,

132
Q

preserver, sustainer, god of love and benevolence. At least nine known avatars Krishna and Buddha

A

Vishnu

133
Q

destruction and reproduction; represented by reproductive organs

A

Shiva

134
Q

who married Shiva

A

Kali

135
Q

who was Shiva and Kali son

A

Ganesha

136
Q

creator god; oldest and least popular of the three

A

Brahma

137
Q

the Hindu Trinity

A

Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma (Trimurti)

138
Q

An amalgamation of all goddesses

A

Devi

139
Q

The Vedas are basically what

A

a collections of ancient Aryan myths about the gods

140
Q

monism

A

God is everything and everything is God

141
Q

An impersonal essence, like electricity; gods are like light bulbs. All living things contain _____, a bit of Brahman, that animates them.

A

Brahman-Atman

142
Q

all living things contain what

A

atman

143
Q

link between deeds and consequences; status at rebirth determined by

A

karma

144
Q

all experience is illusion; only Brahman is real

A

maya

145
Q

the cycle of reincarnation

A

samsara

146
Q

salvation, by getting off the reincarnation merry-go-round

A

moksha

147
Q

meditation helps you achieve purity namely the renunciation of the self in anticipation of being absorbed into Brahman

A

yoga

148
Q

an incarnation of deity

A

avatar

149
Q

where are we? H

A

in an illusory world of endlessly repeated events

150
Q

who are we? H

A

recycled containers of atman seeking to escape these illusory physical confines and be absorbed completely into Brahman

151
Q

What’s the problem? H

A

we are too self-conscious, too attached to this illusory world

152
Q

What is the solution? H

A

through meditation, move up the reincarnation ladder toward escape into Brahman

153
Q

How do we know? H

A

through intuition- ours and that of wise men before us

154
Q

Most important ethical principle is

A

dharma

155
Q

what is dharma

A

do your duty as determined by your cast

156
Q

four main casts

A

Brahmins, Kshatriyas, vaisyas, Sudras

157
Q

priest

A

brahmins

158
Q

Kshatriyas

A

rulers, warriors, nobles

159
Q

farmers, merchant, traders

A

Vaisyas

160
Q

manual laborers

A

Sudras

161
Q

what is the fifth cast

A

chandalas, untouchables

162
Q

Gandhi called the fifth cast what

A

Children of God

163
Q

the upper castes are called what

A

twice born

164
Q

stages of the castes

A

student stage, householder, forest dweller, renouncer stage

165
Q

boy undergoes ceremony between age 8-12 to be initiated into the caste. Then called born again

A

student stage

166
Q

young man marries, has children, runs household, enjoys sensual pleasures

A

householder stage

167
Q

when hair begins to turn gray or first grandchild is born, takes wife and retries to the forest to cultivate worldly detachment through meditation

A

forest dweller

168
Q

retired man becomes a sannyasin, homeless nomad who renounces everything, including his family and possessions as preparation for absorption into Brahman

A

renouncer stage

169
Q

Festival of Lights

A

Diwali

170
Q

Celebrates coming of Spring defeat of demoness, people parade through streets spraying colored powder

A

Holi

171
Q

Pilgimage every twelve years to Allahabad on sacred River Ganges. Bathing

A

Kumbh Mela

172
Q

A minority sect of Shīʿite Muslims living mainly in Syria. They practice a kind of syncretistic faith (considered heresy by most other Muslims) that honors Ali (the fourth caliph) as deity. Alawite practices are secret, but they understand the “Five Pillars” as symbolic and do not practice them. They trace their founding to the teachings of a 9th century imam named Muḥammad ibn Nuṣayr an-Namīrī. Though they’ve endured much persecution from other Muslims, they gained political power when one of their own, Hafiz al-Assad, was elected President of Syria in 1971

A

Alawites

173
Q

The name means “the Base” or “the Network.” A militant Islamist organization founded by Osama Bin Laden in the late 1980s to support Muslim mujahedeen who fought the Soviet Army in Afghanistan. Bin Laden (killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011) succeeded as leader by his deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri.

A

al-Qaeda

174
Q

Founded in 2002, this militant Islamist sect in Northern Nigeria is fighting to create an Islamic State. The name Boko Haram is usually translated “Western education is sin.” In 2014 they were accused of kidnapping several hundred Christian school girls, forcing them to convert to Islam and marry Muslim men.

A

Boko Haram

175
Q

Based on the belief that the Egyptian caliph Hamzah al-Ḥākim (966-1021) did not die but vanished and will one day return in triumph to inaugurate a golden age. The teaching was advanced by his subordinate, Muḥammad ad-Darazī (from whom the Druze take their name). Darazi believed that Hamzah was deity. Most Druze live in Lebanon and in Israel (in the Golan Heights).

A

Druze

176
Q

(Arabic acronym for “Islamic Resistance Movement,” but also means “zeal”.) Political party formed in Gaza in 1987, before first Intifada, as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood. Committed to the destruction of the State of Israel. Hamas won the democratic elections in Gaza in 2006, effectively ending peace talks with Israel. Conflicted with Israel erupted into war in summer of 2014.

A

Hamas

177
Q

(Means “Party of God”), a political and military organization in Lebanon made up mainly of Shi’a Muslims committed to driving Israelis out of Lebanon. Receive financial support from Syria and Iran.

A

Hezbollah

178
Q

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (or Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant). Began as Sunni fundamentalist insurgents under different name in Iraq in 1999, joined al-Qaeda in Iraq in 2004 to fight American invasion. Took name I.S.I.S. in 2006; grew significantly when civil war broke out in Syria in 2011. Declared itself the “Islamic State” in June 2014 under Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, their “Caliph.” They currently control large portions of Syria and Iraq.

A

ISIS

179
Q

Disputed the system of choosing Muhammad’s successor (caliph) and withdrew (kharaju in Arabic means “withdraw”) to form their own sect with a democratically elected caliph. Became known for violent fanaticism. More moderate splinter group of Kharijites (called “Ibadiyah”) now dominate politics in Oman.

A

Kharijites

180
Q

Egyptian political/religious group dedicated to returning to the Qur’an and the Hadith as guide for government and society. They have been implicated in assassinations of political opponents in Egypt. Helped lead “Arab Spring” in Egypt and won a majority in Parliamentary elections in June 2012, named Mohammed Morsi as President. Morsi ousted in military coup on July 3, 2013; convicted for inciting murder and violence and sentenced to death in 2015. Muslim Brotherhood banned.

A

Muslim Brotherhood

181
Q

(Pashtun word for “students” or “disciples.”) Emerged in Afghanistan when Soviet Army withdrew in the 1990’s. Ultra-conservative sect made of mostly of members of the Pashtun tribe, they seized political power. Its leaders were trained in the Islamic madrasas (religious schools) during the war. Driven from power by the Americans, but still influential.

A

Taliban

182
Q

New Year

A

Ra’s as-sanah

183
Q

for Sunnis a beneficent holy day whose observance is based upon the Sunnah. For the Shiites, however, it is coincidentally the anniversary of the slaying of Imam Hussein, it is the culmination of a period of serious mourning.

A

Ashura

184
Q

(Prophet’s birthday). A festival marked by joyous celebrations, which carry according to local customs.

A

Mawlid

185
Q

The last ten days are particularly holy; the 27th is most often presumed to be the Lailat al-Qadr, the night of the descent of the Holy Qur’an. A very solemn event. Secular festivities are Prohibited in this month.`

A

Ramadhan

Living World Religions (8 decks)

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