Test 2 Flashcards
How many nations have a Muslim majority
50
How many Muslims in the world
1.5 billion Muslims
How many of the worlds Muslims are Arabs
20%
Arabic is the ____ most widely spoken language in the world
6th
a religious center that the Economy depends for Islam
Mecca
how many idols are worshiped at the Ka’aba (shrine goddess from heaven)
360
what are monotheistic Islam’s called
Hanifs
Hanifs are also called
pious ones
What type of Christianity believed Jesus could not have taken on the human flesh
Nestorian Christianity
What obvious void was filled among Arabas that Islam filled
political and religious
Born in Mecca, surrounded by pagan idols. Orphaned at age 5 and raised by his grandfather and uncle in the caravan business
Muhammad 570 CE
Date of the first revelations from Allah. “Night of Power”
610 CE
When Mahammad flees to Medina (Hijra) to escape persecution, founds a community (umma) that follows his revelations. Year 0 on the Muslim calendar; Year of Hijra = AH
622 CE
What is the year according to the Muslim calendar
1436 A.H.
Night of power occurs when
610 CE
what happened right after Mohammad’s death
The four righteous guided caliphs
The first Caliph after Mohammad
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr was related how to Mohammad
father-in-law
Bakr’s successor the second Caliph
Umar
The Shi’as believe Muhammad appointed who
Ali
Who does the “Tenth Day of Muharram” commemorate with ritual self-flogging
Husayn’s
List 5 reasons of Islam appeals for the time.
- Christians was prejudiced; Muslims were not.
- Political void filled by Islam.
- Islam is a simple religion.
- Arabs were traders; people would convert for business.
- Muslims was adept at desert fighting
The “book of heaven” dictated to Muhammad by angel Gabriel
Qur’an
literal meaning of Qur’an
recitation
When was the Qur’an composed
throughout Mohammad’s life.
chapters of the Qur’an are called
suras
how many suras
114 chapters
Qur’an is only the Qur’an it is in what language
Arabic
a later revelation (in the Qur’an) trumps as earlier one (also in the Qur’an).
abrogation
what does the Qur’an call Jesus
Isa
how many times is Jesus named in the Qur’an
27
additional writing, including the words and deeds of Muhammad and other extra-Qur’anic traditions in six accepted collections
Hadith also called Sunna
The Hadith depicts whos life story
Mohammad
Who is the role model of submission to Allah
Mohammad
Muslims say that the Christians version of events are
corrupted beyond repair
Four books that the Islam accept
Torah, Psalms, Gospel, and Qur’an
literal translation for Islam
submission
literal translation for Muslim
one who submits
Six articles of faith
- Belief in God
- Belief in God’s angels
- Belief in God’s books
- Belief in the prophets and messengers of God
- Belief in the Day of Judgment
- Belief in the divine will or predestination
Tauhid
God is one!
shirk
idolatry
The worst sin
shirk
Takbir
God is great! Too great to be called father
Many Muslims long for a mediator which gives impetus to the what movement
Sufi movements (Muslim mystics)
what is the divine will or predestination called
al-Qadar
M Where are we and what is this place like?
world created by Allah and controlled by Him thru’ powers of Fate
M Who are we and where are we going?
Subjects of Allah, created for submission to the Qur’an, which even Allah consults on occasion
M What’s the problem and what is right and wrong?
Rebellion against the will of Allah
What’s the solution?
submission
How do we know?
Qur’an
Five Pillars of Islam
- Say the Shahada throughout the day.
- Pray (salat) five times a day, facing Mecca
- Alms
- Hajja
- Fasting during Ramadan
write the Shahada
There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is his prophet
call to prayer
Allah-hu-Akbar,
God is great!
call to prayer always begins with what
fatiha
what is the fatiha
the opening
literal meaning of Mosque
place of prostration
how much are Muslims supposed to tithe
2.5%
another name for alms
zakat
pilgrimage to Mecca, only Muslims may visit Mecca
Hajj
The Ka’aba is considered what site
garden of Eden, Noah’s ark, etc.
what do you do during the hajj
reenacts important life events in Muhammad
celebrates the end of Ramadam with family gatherings, gifts and cards exchanged, special holiday meals etc.
Festival of Eid ul-Fitr
coincides with the Hajj, commemorates Abraham’s near sacrifice of Ishmael; families slaughter sheep, give portion to the poor
Festival Eid-ul-Adha
convert to Islam
confess the shahada and mean it
Are males circumcised in M
yes
Ultimate meaning of life; origins looks for truth
high religion
Well being guidance; success or failure, looking for power
low or folk religion
how to looks for control
science
The majority of Muslims are
85% Sunni
Sunni follow what codes
sharia
what sect is less dependent on imams
Sunnis
Shi’ites or Shi’as trace there successor to what caliph
Ali
A specific sect of Shi’ites, believed after the 7th imam, was to come from that same family.
Seveners or Ismailis in India
seveners are also called what in India
Ismailis
who is the present imam 49th
Prince Karim Aga Khan
which sect founded al-Ashar University in Cairo, oldest university in the world
seveners
Sect that discovered algebra and zero
seveners
Believed after the imam line ceased after the 12th imam past Ali who mysteriously disappeared and will return as madhi
Twelver’s
where are most of the twelvers
90% in Iran
70% of Iraquis are what sect
70%
founder of the Sufi movement
Rumi
order known as the whirling devils
Mevlevi
salafi movement is also called
wahhabiism
name a sect prefers; meaning ancestors
Salafiya
super conservative religious reform of the salafi was initiated by who
wahhab
what sect is the leaders of Saudi Arabia
Salafi Movement Wahhabiism
Osama bin Laden was from what sect
Salafi Movement Wahhabiism
what is the fight in the way of God with those who fight with you, but aggress not: God loves not the aggressors
jihad
jihad means
strive or struggle
What does Jihad mean to orthodox Muslims
physical violence must never be used to advance Islam, should be propagated by reason and persuasion, may attack to defend
Why do Muslim extremist hate America?
- America supports Israel (Israel invaded Palestine)
- America’s invasion of Islamic holy lands
- American moral decadence
who started the Nation of Islam in Detroit
Wallace Fard (Master Muhammad)
Who disappeared in 1934 and is considered the Incarnation of Allah
Master Warith Fard Muhammad
went to a court in Cairo to prove he was a genuine Muslim permission to make Hajj
Malcom Little (Malik Shabazz)
Malcolm Little’s alias
Malik Shabazz
what impressed Malcolm little during his hijja
racial integration
The Nation of Islam is now called
American Muslim Missions
now what does the Nation of Islam stand for
racist movement louis Farrakhan.
Hinduism is the way of what
way of works
Ultimate reality and the liberation of the soul
Upanishads
way of knowledge Hindu reform
vedantic
way of devotion
Bhakti
How was Hinduism brought to India
Aryan (fair skinned European nomads and warriors)
book of knowledge written by the Hindu wise
vedas
Rituals are prescribed by the four
Vedas
hymn, the oldest of the vedas
Rig-Veda
how many hymns are in the Rig-Veda
1028
how many books are the Rig-Vedas divided into
10 books
Most prominent gods in the Rig-Veda
Indra, Agni, Soma, Varuna,
weather god
Indra
god of fire
Agni
god of the hallucinogenic plant
Soma
god of heavenly morality and order
varuna
mostly sacrificial formulas used by presiding priests in sacrifices. which Veda
Yajur- Veda
Collection of songs and melodies used in sacrifice. Which Veda
Sama-Veda
what are the three fold veda
Rig-, Yajur-, and Sama-
very different from the other three vedas. Contains 731 hymns 20 books of spells and curses
Atharva-Veda
Priests in training master what?
One of the four Vedas
what is saying the right words, correctly performing the rituals
mantra
what is a ritual often done at home meaning sacrifice
Puja
three types of puja
- daily services
- routine individual sacrifices
- sacrifices on special occasions
what do Puja services include
hymn, incense, bells, prayer, food, offerings
other holy books
Brahmin, aranyakas
sitting near a teacher
upanishads
supplements to the Vedas
Vedanta
complete oneness with Brahman, has renounced everything in total devotion to contemplation “renouncer”
sannyasin
loving attachment,
Bhakti
devotion
dharma
Song of the Lord
Bhagavad-Gita
describe the Bhagavad-Gita
Arjuna going to war w enemies Krishna (who is Vishnu) the chariot driver convinces him to fight his cousins
Most popular gods in India today
Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, Devi,
preserver, sustainer, god of love and benevolence. At least nine known avatars Krishna and Buddha
Vishnu
destruction and reproduction; represented by reproductive organs
Shiva
who married Shiva
Kali
who was Shiva and Kali son
Ganesha
creator god; oldest and least popular of the three
Brahma
the Hindu Trinity
Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma (Trimurti)
An amalgamation of all goddesses
Devi
The Vedas are basically what
a collections of ancient Aryan myths about the gods
monism
God is everything and everything is God
An impersonal essence, like electricity; gods are like light bulbs. All living things contain _____, a bit of Brahman, that animates them.
Brahman-Atman
all living things contain what
atman
link between deeds and consequences; status at rebirth determined by
karma
all experience is illusion; only Brahman is real
maya
the cycle of reincarnation
samsara
salvation, by getting off the reincarnation merry-go-round
moksha
meditation helps you achieve purity namely the renunciation of the self in anticipation of being absorbed into Brahman
yoga
an incarnation of deity
avatar
where are we? H
in an illusory world of endlessly repeated events
who are we? H
recycled containers of atman seeking to escape these illusory physical confines and be absorbed completely into Brahman
What’s the problem? H
we are too self-conscious, too attached to this illusory world
What is the solution? H
through meditation, move up the reincarnation ladder toward escape into Brahman
How do we know? H
through intuition- ours and that of wise men before us
Most important ethical principle is
dharma
what is dharma
do your duty as determined by your cast
four main casts
Brahmins, Kshatriyas, vaisyas, Sudras
priest
brahmins
Kshatriyas
rulers, warriors, nobles
farmers, merchant, traders
Vaisyas
manual laborers
Sudras
what is the fifth cast
chandalas, untouchables
Gandhi called the fifth cast what
Children of God
the upper castes are called what
twice born
stages of the castes
student stage, householder, forest dweller, renouncer stage
boy undergoes ceremony between age 8-12 to be initiated into the caste. Then called born again
student stage
young man marries, has children, runs household, enjoys sensual pleasures
householder stage
when hair begins to turn gray or first grandchild is born, takes wife and retries to the forest to cultivate worldly detachment through meditation
forest dweller
retired man becomes a sannyasin, homeless nomad who renounces everything, including his family and possessions as preparation for absorption into Brahman
renouncer stage
Festival of Lights
Diwali
Celebrates coming of Spring defeat of demoness, people parade through streets spraying colored powder
Holi
Pilgimage every twelve years to Allahabad on sacred River Ganges. Bathing
Kumbh Mela
A minority sect of Shīʿite Muslims living mainly in Syria. They practice a kind of syncretistic faith (considered heresy by most other Muslims) that honors Ali (the fourth caliph) as deity. Alawite practices are secret, but they understand the “Five Pillars” as symbolic and do not practice them. They trace their founding to the teachings of a 9th century imam named Muḥammad ibn Nuṣayr an-Namīrī. Though they’ve endured much persecution from other Muslims, they gained political power when one of their own, Hafiz al-Assad, was elected President of Syria in 1971
Alawites
The name means “the Base” or “the Network.” A militant Islamist organization founded by Osama Bin Laden in the late 1980s to support Muslim mujahedeen who fought the Soviet Army in Afghanistan. Bin Laden (killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011) succeeded as leader by his deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri.
al-Qaeda
Founded in 2002, this militant Islamist sect in Northern Nigeria is fighting to create an Islamic State. The name Boko Haram is usually translated “Western education is sin.” In 2014 they were accused of kidnapping several hundred Christian school girls, forcing them to convert to Islam and marry Muslim men.
Boko Haram
Based on the belief that the Egyptian caliph Hamzah al-Ḥākim (966-1021) did not die but vanished and will one day return in triumph to inaugurate a golden age. The teaching was advanced by his subordinate, Muḥammad ad-Darazī (from whom the Druze take their name). Darazi believed that Hamzah was deity. Most Druze live in Lebanon and in Israel (in the Golan Heights).
Druze
(Arabic acronym for “Islamic Resistance Movement,” but also means “zeal”.) Political party formed in Gaza in 1987, before first Intifada, as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood. Committed to the destruction of the State of Israel. Hamas won the democratic elections in Gaza in 2006, effectively ending peace talks with Israel. Conflicted with Israel erupted into war in summer of 2014.
Hamas
(Means “Party of God”), a political and military organization in Lebanon made up mainly of Shi’a Muslims committed to driving Israelis out of Lebanon. Receive financial support from Syria and Iran.
Hezbollah
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (or Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant). Began as Sunni fundamentalist insurgents under different name in Iraq in 1999, joined al-Qaeda in Iraq in 2004 to fight American invasion. Took name I.S.I.S. in 2006; grew significantly when civil war broke out in Syria in 2011. Declared itself the “Islamic State” in June 2014 under Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, their “Caliph.” They currently control large portions of Syria and Iraq.
ISIS
Disputed the system of choosing Muhammad’s successor (caliph) and withdrew (kharaju in Arabic means “withdraw”) to form their own sect with a democratically elected caliph. Became known for violent fanaticism. More moderate splinter group of Kharijites (called “Ibadiyah”) now dominate politics in Oman.
Kharijites
Egyptian political/religious group dedicated to returning to the Qur’an and the Hadith as guide for government and society. They have been implicated in assassinations of political opponents in Egypt. Helped lead “Arab Spring” in Egypt and won a majority in Parliamentary elections in June 2012, named Mohammed Morsi as President. Morsi ousted in military coup on July 3, 2013; convicted for inciting murder and violence and sentenced to death in 2015. Muslim Brotherhood banned.
Muslim Brotherhood
(Pashtun word for “students” or “disciples.”) Emerged in Afghanistan when Soviet Army withdrew in the 1990’s. Ultra-conservative sect made of mostly of members of the Pashtun tribe, they seized political power. Its leaders were trained in the Islamic madrasas (religious schools) during the war. Driven from power by the Americans, but still influential.
Taliban
New Year
Ra’s as-sanah
for Sunnis a beneficent holy day whose observance is based upon the Sunnah. For the Shiites, however, it is coincidentally the anniversary of the slaying of Imam Hussein, it is the culmination of a period of serious mourning.
Ashura
(Prophet’s birthday). A festival marked by joyous celebrations, which carry according to local customs.
Mawlid
The last ten days are particularly holy; the 27th is most often presumed to be the Lailat al-Qadr, the night of the descent of the Holy Qur’an. A very solemn event. Secular festivities are Prohibited in this month.`
Ramadhan
