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Test 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

What environment do order primates live in?

A

80% rainforest, others savannah and woodlands

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1
Q

How many species of order primates are there?

A

200

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2
Q

List 8 distinct characteristics of OP’s:

A

1) opposable big toe: prehensile hands
2) flat nails and tactile pads
3) hind limb dominant loco
4) stereoscopic vision
5) reduced olfactory senses
6) small litters long gestation
7) Dentition
8) Brains

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3
Q

List some phenotypic characteristics of order primates

A

1oz-440lbs
Nocturnal or diurnal
Herb or omnivore
Diverse mating Systems

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4
Q

What happened 10 to 4 mya?

A

Climate change in Africa replaces tropical forest with open habitats

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5
Q

What is significance of open habitats?

A

Results in natural selection favoring evolution of hominins because climate cools and we have a precipitation drop so the animals forage within small food patches

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6
Q

5-7 mya

A

Hominini sep. From panini

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7
Q

4.4-1.1 mya

A

Australopithecus species

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8
Q

2.4-1.5 mya

A

Homo habilis

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9
Q

1.9-.3

A

Homo erectus

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10
Q

800-50

A

Archaic Homo sapiens

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11
Q

300-30

A

Neanderthaliensis

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12
Q

200-present

A

Homo sapien

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13
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Year discovered?
Where was it discovers?
How old was it?
What is special about it?
Basal Traits?
Derived Traits?
A
  • 1992
  • Chad
  • 6 Mya
  • oldest hominin
  • ape sized brain (320-350 cc)
  • for amen magnum suggests upright posture, small canine teeth but larger than later hominin/ thick enamel, shorter face with massive browridge
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14
Q

Ardi

How old is he?
What is special?
Derived traits?

A
  • 4.4 mya in Ethiopia
  • almost whole skeleton!
  • Bipedal (opposable toes, central foremen, bowl shaped pelvis)
  • ARBOREAL: long arms, curved fingers, divergent/ grasping toes
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15
Q

What type of omnivore was ardi and how do we know?

A

A woodland! We know because of looking and dentition. The U shaped dental arcade similar to a chimpanzee and small incisors along with thicker enamel (showing less plant diet) proves this

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16
Q

What does the canine size teeth in ardi suggest?

A

That he was not sexually dimorphic

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17
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Aggressive mating tactics (as seen in chimps)

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18
Q

What was found in Laetoli?

A

Hominin footprints dated btw 3-3.5 mya discovered by mark Leakey. They walked bipedally!

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19
Q

Australeopithecus Afarensis

Nickname?
When discovered?
Where?
How old?

A
  • Lucy
  • 1973
  • 3.2 Mya
  • Ethiopia
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20
Q

What was Lucy’s brain like?

A

450 cc ( sim to chimp)

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21
Q

Lucy’s teeth?

A
  • Had thick enamel (rapid development time for teeth)
  • sexually dimorphic
  • large incisors
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22
Q

How did Lucy stand?

A

Fully bipedal

-arched door, femur slanted inward, short wide pelvis

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23
Q

What are some commonalities among early hominins?

A
  • small stature
  • bipedal
  • generalized diet
  • brain size of chimp
  • fast development
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24
Q

Common of early homo (>2.3 Mya)

A
  • long legs and short arms
  • terrestrial life
  • tool use
  • large brains
  • human like dentition
  • simple technology
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25
Q

How big were h. Erectus and ergaster brains?

A

500-1000 cc

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26
Q

What are some common characteristics of homo erectus and ergaster?

A

Long legs, narrow hips, barrel chests, long distance travel

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27
Q

What kind of tools are h. Ergaster using and what are they killing?

A

Acheulean hand axes to kill Large animals

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28
Q

Who are the common ancestor to the heidelbergensis?

A

Sapien, denisovans, Neanderthals

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29
Q

Where were Heidelberg found?

A

Africa, Asia and Europe (not sure where first appeared)

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30
Q

Brain size of Heidelberg?

A

1250 cc

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31
Q

Skull characteristics of heidelbergensis?

A

Higher foreheads, rounded backs long profile, thick, no chin, large brow

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33
Q

Behavior of Heidelberg

A

Use Achulean tools
Big game hunters
Eat nuts, fish, crabs, turtles

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34
Q

When comparing Chimpanzees and Australopithecine what is the difference in the skull attachment?

A

Chimps have skulls attached posteriorly and Aust. have them connected inferiorly

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35
Q

When comparing Chimpanzees and Australopithecine what is the difference in the spine?

A

Chimps: Slighlty curved
Aust: S Shaped Spine

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36
Q

When comparing Chimpanzees and Australopithecine what is the difference in the arm to leg ratio?

A

Chimps: Arms longer than legs (for walking)
Aust: Arms shorter than legs and not used for walking

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37
Q

When comparing Chimpanzees and Australopithecine what is the difference in the pelvis?

A

Chimps: Long, Narrow Pelvis
Aust: Bowl Shaped Pelvis

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38
Q

When comparing Chimpanzees and Australopithecine what is the difference in the femur?

A

Chimps: Femur angled out
Aust: Femur angled inward

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39
Q

What is the foreman magnum and what does its position indicate?

A

This is the whole in the skull. The opening for the spinal cord (foramen magnum) in the skull is located posteriorly in chimps and centrally in humans allowing for upright posture

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40
Q

Is Australopithecus afarensis more similar to chimps or humans and what does it look like?

A

It is more similar to humans and has a valgus angle indicating upright posture

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41
Q

Describe the pelvis of the A. Afarensis and what it indicates:

A

The laterally and ventral bending of the iliac crest in A. afarensis indicate bipedalism (sim to humans)

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42
Q

How do chimps walk?

A

With a bent knee, bend hip technique

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43
Q

What is occuring during the stance phase in humans? What muscles are at play? What are they preventing?

A

During walking, the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles contract on the side that is in stance phase, preventing the pelvis from tilting down too far on the unsupported side, which is in swing phase.

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44
Q

Describe the muscles at play during stance phase in more detail:

A

Gluteus medius and minimus muscles originate laterally on the ilium and insert laterally on the femoral trochanter. Their force (angled arrow) stabilizes the pelvis (vertical arrow) during bipedal walking.

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45
Q

What is the positive effect of the enlarged lumbar vertebrae?

A

Allows them to bear more weight from upright body

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46
Q

Describe the S shaped spine and what it is made up of:

A

One in cervical vertebrae (neck), the other in the lumbosacral vertebrae (lower back to pelvis)
Results in an S-shaped spine, in contrast to the C-shaped spine of a quadruped

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47
Q

Describe primate feet

A

Flexible, nimble grasping organs, more like human hands than like human feet. Not much has changed during foot evolution of Panini.

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48
Q

Describe the human foot and the derived traits involved:

A

Tarsals and metatarsals are tightly bound by tendons, forming an arched, elastic platform.The human first toe is strong, nonopposable and non-abductible, suited for powerful push-off. Large heel for insertion of “Achilles” tendon

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49
Q

What type of posture did Australopithecines most likely have and why?

A

Bent knee bent hip because footprints at Leotili suggest so and they could not lock their knees

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50
Q

What are the four hypothesis for the evolution of Bipedalism?

A

1) Energy efficient travel between shrinking foot patches
2) Thermoregulation
3) Postural Feeding Efficiency

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51
Q

Describe the human hand: (Joints included for movement)

A

Strong muscles (adductor pollicis and abductor pollicis) move thumb towards and away from palm. Saddle joint at trapezium and 1st metacarpal allows thumb to be rotated into opposition to palm and other digits.

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52
Q

What muscles are unique in the thumb of a human? (3)

A

Flexor Brevis Superficial , 1st volar, Flexor Deep Head

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53
Q

What two grips does the opposable thumb allow for?

A

power grip and precision grip

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54
Q

Describe hand of Australopithecus sediba and what it suggests?

A

Long thumb and well-developed insertion of flexor pollicis longus (FPL) muscle suggest capability for tool making/use.

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55
Q

What two examples were given in class regarding the tool use in chimps?

A

Fishing for termites with a stick and pounding beetle nuts with a pestle

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56
Q

Who used oldawan tools and how old are they?

A

Late Australopithecus and early erectus used these tools. First appearance is 3.4 mya

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57
Q

Where have oldawan tools been found?

A

Africa and later eurasia

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58
Q

Describe and oldawan tool, how it is made, and what it is used for:

A

usually chopper and scrapers, made by striking glancing blows with a hammer stone, producing modified core stones and razor-sharp flakes, used for chopping things and scrapping at things

59
Q

How early MIGHT stone tool use date back? (To which type of primate?)

A

A. Afarensis

60
Q

What type of Stone tool use by Australopithecines in Ethiopia was discovered?

A

Bones of large mammals dated 3.4 mya showing cut and scrape marks that seem to have been made deliberately using stone tools

Probably scavenged, not hunted

61
Q

Who used Acheulean stone tools and how old are they?

A

Used by homo erectus and archaic homo sapiens. They date back to 1.7mya

62
Q

Describe the Acheulean tools and how they differ from oldowan:

A

They are larger and and more finely trimmed but other than that have the same uses as the oldowan

63
Q

Describe the Acheulean cleaver and hand ax:

A

Bifacially trimmed from flint stone.
Small (palm of your hand) to a foot long
Standardized design w/regular proportions across tools

64
Q

How long did Acheulean tools remain unchanged?

A

For 1 million years

65
Q

Who used Middle Paleolithic tools?

A

Archaic homo sapiens and neanderthals

66
Q

What method was used to make paleolithic tools?

A

Levallois Method

67
Q

Describe the Levallois Method for tool making:

A

The core is prepared before striking off the flakes (watched a video in class)

68
Q

What were Middle paleolithic tools used to kill and how?

A

large game by attaching tools to sticks

69
Q

What is the hypothesis for why there are not any Achelean tools in asia?

A

The Movius Line: Hypothesis for why there are no Acheulean tools in Asia
Homo left Africa before Acheulean industry
Materials for stone tools were not available
Alternative superior material: bamboo

70
Q

Who used upper paleolithic tools?

A

Modern homo sapiens

71
Q

Describe the upper paleolithic tool:

A

Skillfully created blades used for attachment to sticks to hunt big game

72
Q

Describe the use of a punch:

A

The punch was used to precisely direct the blow from a hafted hammer stone. (evident in modern homo sapiens)

73
Q

Describe the modified flint blade and who made them:

A

Cro Magnon stone knappers were experts in striking long blades from flint cores and then modifying the blades into specialized tools.

74
Q

Cooperation

A

Any act by one individual that benefit another

75
Q

Byproduct

A

X donated to Y as an otherwise selfish act to Y (btw or within species)

76
Q

Example of Byproduct

A

So long and thanks for all the fish

77
Q

Kin Selection

A

X donated to Y (X shares genes with Y)

* within species only (nepotism)

78
Q

Altruism

A

Benefits recipient at cost of donor

79
Q

Hamiltons rule

A

Cost> benefit X relatedness

-only perform behavior if cost to you is less than benefit to recipient

80
Q

Example of Human Kin Experiment

A

Burning house who do you save?

Results: lower relatedness= less likely to help and always help the younger

81
Q

Directed Reciprocity

A

X donates to Y (Y reciprocates to X)

*within and between species

82
Q

The Prisoners Dilemma

A

Non zero sum IS possible but you have to rat your parter out

83
Q

What is the best thing to do is prisoners dilemma? Describe Tit for TAT

A

Cooperate, relocate your partners precious actions, forgive

*in prisoners dilemma you should tell what you did and take the little sentence

84
Q

Indirect Reciprocity

A

X donates to Y and Z rewards X

* within and btw

85
Q

Reputation

A

3rd party helps those who helps others and refused to help those who don’t help others

86
Q

Parental Investment Theory

A

Sex that invests more offspring will be more selective in mate choice

87
Q

Which sex invests more?

A

Females!

88
Q

Sexual Strategy Theory

A

The idea that there is a short term and long term mating stategy

89
Q

Describe SOI-R survey

A

Standard survey given to show that men are more interested in short term mating than females (we took it as a class)

90
Q

What characteristics to men look for when selecting a mate?

A

Facial symmetry and waste to hip ratio

91
Q

What is the neocortex responsible for?

A 
Sensory perception
Motor commands
Spatial reasoning
Consciousness
Language
92
Q

What two things are found in the allocortex?

A

Amygdalla and Hippocampus

93
Q

What does corpus callosum do?

A

Connect two halves of brain

94
Q

What does the cerebellum do ?

A

Motor function

95
Q

Allometric Hypothesis

A

large brains are a consequence of having a larger body size

96
Q

Ecological Brain Resource Dispersion Hypothesis

A

Temporally or spatially ephemeral resources select for greater cognitive function

97
Q

Ecological Brain Mental Map Hypothesis

A

Spatial learning selects for greater cognitive function

98
Q

What is the prediction for ecological brain Resource Dispersion hyp?

A

Primates with more frugivorous (fruit eating) diets should have a larger neocortex ratio than folivorous (leaf eating) primates

99
Q

Eco Brain Mental Map Prediction:

A

Primates with larger home ranges should have a larger neocortex ratio

100
Q

Ecological Brain Extractive Foraging Hypothesis

A

Complex foraging tasks selects greater cognitive function

101
Q

Ecological Brain Extractive Foraging Prediction

A

Primates that manipulate their food (remove fruit from pulp, extract termites) should have a larger neocortex ratio

102
Q

Social Brain Hypothesis

A

Computational demands of social complexity select for greater cognitive function

103
Q

Social Brain Hyp Prediction

A

Primates with larger social groups should have a greater neocortex ratio

104
Q

Describe individual recognition:

A

large neocortex enables recognition of more individuals
Group size strongly correlated with non-visual neocortex, only weakly with visual cortex
Lateral geniculate nucleus not correlated with group size

105
Q

Relationship Memory

A

capacity for remembering faces or social interactions
Humans can remember ~2k faces,&raquo_space; 150
Memory is not stored in the neocortex
Damage to neocortex does not affect memory of events or people

106
Q

Emotional Competance

A

recognizing and acting on other’s emotional states

Associated with the limbic system (eg amygdala), not with the neocortex

107
Q

Relationship Managment

A

manipulate information about the social relationships themselves
“Machiavellian intelligence”

108
Q

“Machiavellian intelligence”

A

frequency of tactical deception behavior use is associated with neocortex size across 18 primates species

109
Q

Why isn’t the human brain bigger?

A

Because of the mechanical and physiological tradeoff

110
Q

Describe the physiological tradeoff:

A

the smaller gut size allows for the larger brain size (this is just a hypothesis)
*We eat a Proteinaceous diet = more energy/nutrients per unit of digestive energy expended
Cooking in Archaic Homo increased digestability

111
Q

Describe cognitive buffer hypothesis:

A

A large brain buffers against environmental challenges through behavioral flexibility
Larger brains reduce the need for fat storage, redirecting this energy to brain development

112
Q

Describe the optimal life-history strategy:

A

tradeoff between growth, maintenance, and reproduction

Ex: offspring size/number

113
Q

Is brain mass correlated with brain function?

A

No number of neurons is more accurate!

114
Q

Is the human brain special?

A

No the number of neurons is actually what you would expect for the size and the energy cost per neuron is no t unusual

115
Q

Symbolic

A

relationships between a sound and its meaning are arbitrary

116
Q

Discrete

A

small, repeatable units (sounds) are combined to create meaning

117
Q

Semantic

A

specific words have specific meanings

118
Q

Combinotorial

A

an infinite number of meanings can be generated by recombining a finite set of words, which obey a syntax

119
Q

Displacment

A

Language can communicate ideas about things that are not immediate in time or space

120
Q

Honeybee Round Dance

A

: The scout has found food fairly close to the hive (e.g., 50-75m away).

121
Q

Honeybee Waggle Dance

what three characteristics of lang?

A

used to communicate the location of food sources over a much greater distance.
Distance=number or duration of waggle runs
Direction=angle of run with respect to the sun.
Symbolic
Discrete
Semantic

122
Q

What is universal grammar?

A

the capacity to learn language is biological and is shared by all humans – a “language organ”

123
Q

What is generative grammar?

A

grammar (not a formal grammar) that provides a basic set of rules that generates all sentences: verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc.

124
Q

What is a crytpo-creationist?

A

A person that does not believe natural selection plays a role in human language

125
Q

When studying language what do we focus on?

A

Not language itself but the ability to USE language

126
Q

Describe the FLB:

A

The Faculty for Language Broad: includes the FLN plus the sensory motors and the conceptual intentional stuff

127
Q

What is the sensor-motor?

A

capacity to perceive and produce sound

128
Q

What is the conceptual intentional?

A

capacity to produce a mental representation of an idea

129
Q

Describe Hypothesis 1:

A

FLB (including FLN) is strictly homologous to animal communication

130
Q

Describe Hyp 2:

A

FLB is a derived, uniquely human adaptation for language.

131
Q

Describe Hyp 3:

A

Only FLN is uniquely human

132
Q

Describe Imitation

A

precondition for FLB to evolve
Imitation not unique to humans
Highly developed in songbirds and dolphins.
But virtually absent in apes and monkeys
can learn several hundred hand signs but requires years of training
Only humans and dolphins can imitate

133
Q

Referential Signal Example

A

Vervet monkeys produce different alarm calls for different predators, and receivers respond accordingly.
Playbacks show that it was the alarm call and not the context of the alarm call that elicited the appropriate behavior.
The assignment of the call to the predator is arbitrary, and thus symbolic, but that term has been abandoned for referential or functionally referential.

134
Q

Combinatorial communication

A

Syntax refers to the rules of ordering words within a sentence to achieve a different meaning

135
Q

Theory of mind

describe chimp example

A

knowledge of the mental states of others

136
Q

Xu’s Language Hypothesis

A

linguistic labels are required to differentiate “kinds” objects

137
Q

Describe the XU Exp

A

Refer to slides

138
Q

Recursion

A

Syntax resulting in an open, limitless system of communication

139
Q

THE STANDARD SOCIAL SCIENCES MODEL (4 components)

A

1) Human behavior is culturally acquired during an individual’s lifetime.
2) Learning is the mechanism generating fidelity in human behavior within cultures.
3) Culture is an emergent property of the group and is external to the individual.
4) Biological evolution has been superseded by cultural evolution.

140
Q

Tabula rasa

A

The mind is a blank slate capable of exhibiting any behavior that culture endows it with.

141
Q

What must be assumed about the transmittance of culture?

A

That it is cross generational and trasferred within and between cultures

142
Q

Adaptive Lag

A

We have Stone Age minds in a modern world (need for salt and fat causing obesity)

143
Q

What three factors is amount of care sensitive to?

A

1) genetic relatedness
2) return on investment
3) energy vs opp cost

144
Q

Look at bluegill example

A

Manipulated makes paternity

Human Biology (14 decks)

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