Drift/Mutation/Flow

Question 1

The Modern Synthesis

Answer 1

Combined darwins and mendels genetics to see evolution at population level as an explanation of the macro world changes in a micro fashion

Question 2

Muetral Theory of Evolution

Answer 2

Most of the genome is evolutionarialy nuetral (if it doesn;t effect reproduction it is not selected on)

Question 3

Evolution

Answer 3

change in allele frequency over time

Question 4

What are the deterministic forces of evolution (2)?

Answer 4

natural selection and gene flow

Question 5

What are the random forces of evolution (2)?

Answer 5

Mutation and Genetic Drift

Question 6

Genetic Drift

Answer 6

A change in allele frequency due to random sampling of the population

Question 7

What is effect of drift like on small populations?

Answer 7

Large effect

Question 8

What is the result of genetic drift?

Answer 8

Loss in diversity because alleles become fixed

Question 9

How can you estimate the effective population size using drift and mutation rate?

Answer 9

Mutations enter the population at a rate u •Most new mutations are lost, some drift to fixation •Larger Ne = slower drift = more genetic variation (m) in the population at any given time -> If you know u and m, you can calculate Ne
Ne=m/4u
•Ne for the ancestral human population is estimated at 4,600-11,200 people (i.e. reproducing adults)!

Question 10

Gene Flow

Answer 10

Migration resulting in the moving of alleles to a new population

Question 11

What is the result of gene flow?

Answer 11

homogenizes allele frequencies among populations

Question 12

How is gene flow determined?

Answer 12

Based on the number of people migrating to new populations

Question 13

Wrights Fixation Index

Answer 13

Genetic variation among populations/

Genetic variation within populations

Question 14

What does Fst=1 mean?

Answer 14

All the variation is between populations and NONE is within

Question 15

What does large structure in population mean?

Answer 15

This means that the there is less variation within a population

Question 16

Founder Effect results in:

Answer 16

less variation in population the farther away populations move from original source

Question 17

Founder Events+Gene Flow

Answer 17

Create isolation by distance

Question 18

Mutation

Answer 18

Error in DNA synthesis leading to new variation

Question 19

All new genetic variation comes from:

Answer 19

Mutations

Question 20

What is mutation influenced by?

Answer 20

Nothing! It is completely random

Question 21

How can we calculate the number of mutations in population?

Answer 21

Ne times mutation rate times number of generations

Question 22

Haplotype

Answer 22

a set of variants that are inherited as part of the same stretch of DNA

Question 23

Why do we look at haplotypes in Y chromosome?

Answer 23

Because there is no recombination (highly conserved)

Question 24

Molecular Clock

Answer 24

Neutral mutations accumulate at a clock-like rate