Genetic Engineering (TEST 3)

Question 1

Genetic Engineering

Answer 1

alteration of organisms genome using molecular biology

Question 2

Biotechnology

Answer 2

use of living organisms to create products

Question 3

What has biotechnology been used for in history?

Answer 3

To make beer, bread, cheese, etc.

Question 4

What contribution did Craig Ventor make to biotechnology?

Answer 4

He chemically synthesized the genome of Mycoplasm and created a new species, Mycoplasma Laboratorium

Question 5

How do you do Recombinant DNA and how do you know you have been successful?

Answer 5

Take DNA from 2 sources and cut with a restriction enzyme, add DNA ligase to recombine the strands, use assay to find cells with the recominant DNA

Question 6

What are the five applications of genetic engineering?

Answer 6

1) Pharma
2) Food production
3) Medical Diagnosis
4) Gene Therapy
5) DNA profiling

Question 7

Biopharmaceuticals

Answer 7

Pharm products produced using biotechnology

Question 8

How are animals used in biopharma?

Answer 8

We can now express human genes in non human animals and reap the benefits

Question 9

How is insulin made?

Answer 9

• By transferring insulin gene to E.Coli and letting it produce the insulin in large quantity!
• The two insulin subunits can be produced as fusion polypeptides, purified and cleaved to release the insulin polypeptides.

Question 10

What are the problems associated with using bacteria to make pharm material? (2)

Answer 10

1) Bacteria can not process/modify euk proteins

2) Euk. don not fold properly in bacteria

Question 11

What is the solution to this problem with bacteria in producing pharma products?

Answer 11

Bioreactors: genetically modified eukaryotes that produce human products (using fungus, animals, plants instead of bacteria)

Question 12

Subunit Vaccines

Answer 12

one or more surface proteins developed by genetic engineering.
Ex) the hepatitis B virus surface protein has been cloned in a yeast expression vector

Question 13

Edible Vaccines

Answer 13

Developed in food using genetic engineering

good for getting to areas without access to vaccines *not use yet

Question 14

What are the prolems with edible vaccines?

Answer 14

1) will it be profitable?
2) can we get plants to produce enough?
3) cooking destorys poteins
4) Dosage control
5) resistence to GMO by population

Question 15

How has genetic engineering been used in herbicides?

Answer 15

In order to kill the weeds and not the plants (using ROUND UP), plants are genetically engineered to be resistent to glycophosphate so that the herbicide only kills the weeds and not the plants

Question 16

How do you make a genetically modified plant resistant to herbicides?

Answer 16

1) make recombinant vector in agrobacterium
2) Agrobacterium infects plant cells
3) Select resistent cells in herbicide containing medium
4) Regenerate these resistent cells (pick plants producing more EPSP)

Question 17

What is another way genetically modified plants are used?

Answer 17

Developing INSECT resistance crops (example BT toxin in cotton effectively kills insects

Question 18

What is the problem with insect resistent plants?

Answer 18

Might kill insects that play a positive role in the environment of the plant

Question 19

How do you make a transgenic animal? (2 ways)

Answer 19

1) Microinjection of DNA that you want into embryo and then but in surrogate, offspring have gene of interest
2) stem cell approach (more viable)

Question 20

What are the problems with transgenic animals?

Answer 20

Increasing growth of animals hasn’t been successful (except in salmon)

Question 21

What is Mastitis

Answer 21

Infection in mammory glands that cost dairy industry a huge amount each year

Question 22

How did they fix the mastitis problem?

Answer 22

Make transgenic cows with lystophan which protects against infection

Question 23

How is genetic engineering used in medical diagnosis?

Answer 23

using genetic testing

diagnosing disease PRENATALLY

Question 24

Amniocentesis

Answer 24

Stick needle in mom to penetrate amniotic cavitiy and use flui to make a diagnosis

Question 25

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Answer 25

Use fetal portion of placental wall

Question 26

prp gene

Answer 26

cows that don’t have this gene don’t get mad cow disease so they gentically engineer cows without this gene

Question 27

Glo Fish

Answer 27

transgenic strain of zebrafish, contain a red fluorescent protein from sea anemones

Question 28

Non-Invasive Prenatal testing

Answer 28

analyze cell free fetal DNA circulating in mothers blood

Question 29

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

Answer 29

genetic analysis of embryos created by in vitro fertilization

Question 30

Allele specific oligonucleotides

Answer 30

Short single stranded fragments of DNA able to fi to the membrane, test hybridization agaisnt the ASO’s to determine the genotype

Question 31

Gene Therapy

Answer 31

Transplanting normal genes in the place of diseased genes to cure patients

Question 32

Why has gene therapy been a slow process?

Answer 32

Because there have been trajic deaths in human testing

Question 33

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Answer 33

-hereditary disease which dramatically weakens the immune system.
-Individuals born with SCID are abnormally susceptible to infections, and exposure to pathogens can be fatal.
Example:
David lived at Texas Children’s Hospitals in Houston and Shenandoah, Texas.
He died at age 12 after a bone marrow transplant contaminated with Epstein-Barr virus.

Question 34

Who is Ashanti? What did she have? Why is she important?

Answer 34

She had autosomal form of SCID. Lack of ADA leads to the accumulation of dATP, which inhibits lymphocyte proliferation. FIRST PERSON treated with gene therapy

Question 35

What are the steps associated with gene therapy?

Answer 35

1) But a plasmid with the gene into a virus
2) Put some cells in from the person you are working with
3) Viruses infect cells
4) Grow infected cells in a culture
5) Reimplant cells into patient

Question 36

Retrovirus

Answer 36

single stranded RNA that are reverse transcribed into the host genome.

Question 37

Adenovirus

Answer 37

are double stranded DNA that also use the host DNA replication machinery but are not reverse transcribed.

Question 38

Four reasons gene therapy could fail?

Answer 38

1) Integration of virus into target cells requires that they are replicating
2) Patient immune responses to the virus
3) Activation or mutation of essential genes
4) Retroviruses specifically cannot carry DNA sequences larger than 8kb, smaller than many human genes