Stem Cells and Cloning (TEST 3)

Question 1

Cell differentiation

Answer 1

development of cells from the unspecialized embryonic state to their differentiated specific state

Question 2

Stem Cells

Answer 2

undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to an infinite amount more of the same type of cell+some other types of cells

Question 3

Tissue Stem Cells

Answer 3

capable of replenishing cells within certain organs

Question 4

Embryonic Stem Cells

Answer 4

undifferentiated with ability to become ANY kind of cell

Question 5

Cells within the blastocyst?

Answer 5

Cells that are undifferentiated early on and thus have capability to become anything (very flexible)

Question 6

How does MZT development work?

Answer 6

Each half of the embryo controls its own development until the late blastula stage

Question 7

What does removing cells from developing embryo do to its fate?

Answer 7

Nothing! The embryo will continue to develop just fine

Question 8

Totipotent

Answer 8

can differentiate into cell type in the body plus the extraembryonic cells (e.g. placenta

Question 9

Pluripotent

Answer 9

can differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nervous system).

Question 10

Multipotent

Answer 10

partially differentiated and commited to forming certain cell types

Question 11

Unipotent

Answer 11

produces one cell type

Question 12

2 ways to regulate transcription?

Answer 12

1) Epigenetic factors (methylation)

2 Transcription Factors (promote or inhibit gene exp)

Question 13

3 Epigenetic regulations of transcriptions?

Answer 13

1) Histone acetylation/deacytylation relaxes or conensing chromatin
2) Methylation of DNA so that it can’t access transcription factors
3) MicroRNA degrading mRNA

Question 14

What are the three stem cell criteria?

Answer 14

1) must be undifferentiated
2Unlimited self renewal
3)Two types of daughter cells: new stem
cells and committed progenitor cells

Question 15

How do Tissue stem cells work?

Answer 15

reside in niches of cells

and extracellular matrix (ECM). Signals (open arrows) from the niche maintain stem cells in their state

Question 16

Local Asymmetry Model

Answer 16

One daughter cell is stem cell while other is progenator cell

Question 17

Serial Asymmetry Model

Answer 17

Daughter cells sometimes stem cells and sometimes both progenators

Question 18

Embryonic Stem Cells

Answer 18

Pluripotent The inner cell mass (ICM) of

the mammalian blastocyst gives rise to the embryo proper

Question 19

Chimera

Answer 19

organism composed of two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells that originated from different zygotes

Question 20

What is the complementation test for potency?

Answer 20

Cells to be tested (red) are injected into carrier blastocysts, which are then brought to term by foster females.
Morphological and genetic markers reveal the contributions of the test cells, which may form many cell types or the entire organism.

Question 21

What are the NIH funding rules for embryonic stem cells? (9)

Answer 21

1. hESCs derived for in vitro fertilization and are
   no longer needed
2. Voluntary consent from patient
3. No cash for embryos
4. Decision to donate or not cannot affect quality
   of care to patient
5. Physician responsible for reproductive clinical care and the hESC researcher should not be
   the same person
6. Patient can change their mind
7. No hESCs in non-human primate blastocysts
8. No research involving breeding animals where
   hESCs contribute to the germ line.
9. No new stem cell lines from discarded embryos or destroying existing embryos

Question 22

What is the deal with cloned potatos?

Answer 22

Each row of plants is derived from a single

protoplast grown into a plant and then propagated asexually.

Question 23

How does reproductive cloning work?

Answer 23

1) Enucleate
2) Get donor nucleus
3) Renuecleate recipient

Question 24

Why are mammals hard to clone? (3 reasons)

Answer 24

• In mammals , ~1% of genes are imprinted (silenced) by methylation or other epigenetic mechanisms.
• Imprinting is erased in primordial germ cells and then renewed in sex-specific ways during gametogenesis.
• After fertilization, Mom are Dad’s genomes are united, including their imprinted genes.

Question 25

Reproductive cloning

Answer 25

Growing a baby in mother uterus

Question 26

Therapeutic Cloning

Answer 26

manipulating embryonic stem cells or equivalents in vitro for the purpose of cell or organ replacement therapies.