Test 2 Flashcards
Food
The chemical energy that organisms need.
Energy
The ability to do work.
Autotrophs
Organisms that make their own food.
Photosynthesis
When Autotrophs use sunlight to make food
Producers
Another word for autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Living things that cannot make their own food.
Consumers
Another word for heterotrophs
Glucose.
A simple carb with the chemical formula C6 H12 O6.
ATP
The energy carrying molecule that cells use for energy.
Cellular respiration
The process in which glucose is broken down and ATP is made.
What is the equation for photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy > C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is Cell division
When the parent cell divides into two daughter cells
Binary fission
When prokaryotic cells divide
DNA replication
When the DNA is replaced just before the cell divides.
Mitosis
A multiphase process when the nucleus divides
The cell cycle
A repeating series of events that include growth, DNA replication and cell division.
Interphase
Phases G1, S and G2
Growth phase 1(G1)
When the cell grows rapidly
Synthesis phase (S)
When the cells DNA is copied
Growth phase 2 (G2)
The cell prepares to divide and makes proteins and organelles.
Cancer
A disease that occurs when abnormal cells divide uncontrollably.
Tumor
When cancer cells form a mass of abnormal cells
Chromosomes
Coiled structures made of DNA and proteins.
Chromatin
When DNA is not coiled into chromosomes
Chromatids
DNA before cell division.
Centromere
A region that the chromatids are attached to
Genes
The genetic instructions inside a chromosome
Homologous chromosomes.
Chromosomes in a pair
What are the four phases of mitosis.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Asexual reproduction.
Involves a singe parent.
Offspring are identical to each other and to parent.
Sexual reproduction.
Involves two parents.
Offspring look similar but now identical
Gametes.
Reproductive cells. Haploids
Haploid.
Contains only half the chromosomes.
Fertilization
When two gametes unite.
Zygote
A fertilized cell. Diploid cell.
Diploid
Twice the number of chromosomes.
Meiosis.
Cell division when the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.
Gametogenesis
The development of haploid cells into gametes.
Crossing-over
The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids.
Independent assortment.
When homologous chromosomes are randomly distributed to daughter cells during meiosis.
Life cycle.
The series of Events and life stages a organism goes through.
Cytokinesis
The final stage of cell division. When the cytoplasm splits in two
What are the three steps in binary fission.
- DNA replication.
- Chromosome segregation.
- Cytokines.
Chromosome segregation.
When DNA moves to opposite ends of the cell.
Chromosomes are made of?
Chromatids.
Prophase.
Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes and nuclear membrane breaks down.
Metaphase.
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase.
Sister chromosomes split.
Telophase.
The chromosomes unfold to form chromatid in the new cells.
How is a zygote made.
When two gametes unite.
Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place.
The chloroplasts.
How Is cell division different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
It’s harder in eukaryotes because they have a nucleus.
Mitosis vs. meiosis.
Mitosis = when one cell divides into two cells both with an equal amount of chromosomes. Meiosis = one cell divides into four and all cells have half the amount of chromosomes.
