Test 2 Flashcards
Which of the following is an important characteristic of capillaries?
Blood flows through them slowly and exchange occurs quickly.
Which of the following is true of lymphatic capillaries?
Endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries overlap.
Why does blood pressure increase during exercise?
Because heart rate increases, vascular resistance increases, and stroke volume increases
ADH, angiotensin II, EPO, and ANP are all involved in long-term regulation of blood volume. Which two are also important in regulating blood pressure?
ADH and Angiotensin II
The lymphatic system does all of the following, except that it
Transports gases to and away from lymph nodes
Why do lymph nodes enlarge during some infections?
transports gases to and away from lymph nodes
Trace blood from the aortic arch to the right thumb
brachiocephalic artery -> right subclavian artery -> right axillary artery -> right brachial artery -> right radial artery -> palmar arches
Why is blood pressure higher in the aorta than in the inferior vena cava?
The diameter of the aorta is smaller and velocity of blood flow is also greater.
Why does most filtration take place at the arterial end of a capillary?
CHP is higher at the arterial end.
Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they
remove excess nutrients from the lymph
What event is happening if net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive?
Fluid is moving out of a capillary
Which statement below is NOT true with regard to atherosclerosis?
the presence of foam cells on the blood vessel wall prevent the plaque from sticking.
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ____ cells.
cytotoxic T cells
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the ___.
Venules
Why are valves located in veins, but not in arteries?
Because venous blood pressure is lower and because valves prevent backflow of blood
Which of the following statements about MHC proteins is not true?
bind complement
Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart?
vascular resistance
Fenestrated capillaries are important in ___ because ____.
in filtration areas of the kidneys, they allow rapid exchanges of water and solutes between plasma and interstitial fluid & at the blood-brain barrier. they allow diffusion of regulatory hormones
Grace is in an automobile accident and her celiac trunk is ruptured. Which organs are directly affected by this injury?
Stomach, spleen, liver, & pancreas
Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of these chemical weapons?
Secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
Tunica Intima
Mr. Petit has been prescribed an ACE inhibitor. What effect will this have on his body?
It will inhibit the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
Hormones of the immune system include all of the following, except ___.
natriuretic factor.
Which of the following is an example of a local vasodilator?
nitric oxide
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ____ cells.
B
Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except ___.
pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein
What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole?
arteries
Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the ___.
precapillary sphincter.
During exercise
vasodilation occurs at the active skeletal muscles, venous return increases, both cardiac output and stroke volume increase, and tissue perfusion to the digestive system decreases.
Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following?
high cholesterol, lack of exercise, smoking, and obesity
Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased ___.
Salt and water loss through the kidneys.
Total peripheral resistance is related t all of the following, except the ___.
osmolarity of interstitial fluids
Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporine A. What does this medication do?
suppresses helper T cells, thus preventing rejection
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic or function of nonspecific defenses?
dependence on the activity of lymphocytes
Why would liver, lungs, and CNS be affected by a low monocyte count in blood?
Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, and microglia are derived from monocytes
The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the ___.
Tunica media
Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the ___.
lungs
All of the following EXCEPT _____ is an effect of complement activation.
reducing inflammation
Which analogy is most appropriate for comparing the interaction of an antibody’s active site binding with an antigen?
An enzyme interacting with a substrate molecule
Compared to arteries, veins ___.
Have thinner walls
Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits ___.
Both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.
A tumor cell has developed and begun to divide in Amy’s liver. What type of immune cells will be able to detect and kill the tumor cells?
natural killer cells
In response to hemorrhage, there is
mobilization of the venous reserve
Although it is true that veins carry ___, it is NOT always true that they carry ___ blood.
blood to the heart, O2 poor
Blood in the left internal iliac artery could travel to ___.
gluteal muscles
Why does most filtration take place at the arterial end of a capillary?
CHP is higher at the arterial end
Plasma cells ____.
secrete antibodies
Which is NOT associated with lymph?
Uvula
Complement activation results in:
Chemotaxis, opsonization, Lysis, and inflammation
White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the
basophils
An infected would typically contains ___.
Dead neutrophils, cellular debris, tissue fluids, and pus.
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is ___.
Aldosterone.
