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A&P > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is an important characteristic of capillaries?

A

Blood flows through them slowly and exchange occurs quickly.

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2
Q

Which of the following is true of lymphatic capillaries?

A

Endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries overlap.

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3
Q

Why does blood pressure increase during exercise?

A

Because heart rate increases, vascular resistance increases, and stroke volume increases

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4
Q

ADH, angiotensin II, EPO, and ANP are all involved in long-term regulation of blood volume. Which two are also important in regulating blood pressure?

A

ADH and Angiotensin II

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5
Q

The lymphatic system does all of the following, except that it

A

Transports gases to and away from lymph nodes

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6
Q

Why do lymph nodes enlarge during some infections?

A

transports gases to and away from lymph nodes

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7
Q

Trace blood from the aortic arch to the right thumb

A

brachiocephalic artery -> right subclavian artery -> right axillary artery -> right brachial artery -> right radial artery -> palmar arches

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8
Q

Why is blood pressure higher in the aorta than in the inferior vena cava?

A

The diameter of the aorta is smaller and velocity of blood flow is also greater.

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9
Q

Why does most filtration take place at the arterial end of a capillary?

A

CHP is higher at the arterial end.

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10
Q

Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they

A

remove excess nutrients from the lymph

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11
Q

What event is happening if net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive?

A

Fluid is moving out of a capillary

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12
Q

Which statement below is NOT true with regard to atherosclerosis?

A

the presence of foam cells on the blood vessel wall prevent the plaque from sticking.

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13
Q

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ____ cells.

A

cytotoxic T cells

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14
Q

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the ___.

A

Venules

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15
Q

Why are valves located in veins, but not in arteries?

A

Because venous blood pressure is lower and because valves prevent backflow of blood

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16
Q

Which of the following statements about MHC proteins is not true?

A

bind complement

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17
Q

Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart?

A

vascular resistance

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18
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are important in ___ because ____.

A

in filtration areas of the kidneys, they allow rapid exchanges of water and solutes between plasma and interstitial fluid & at the blood-brain barrier. they allow diffusion of regulatory hormones

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19
Q

Grace is in an automobile accident and her celiac trunk is ruptured. Which organs are directly affected by this injury?

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, & pancreas

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20
Q

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of these chemical weapons?

A

Secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

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21
Q

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?

A

Tunica Intima

22
Q

Mr. Petit has been prescribed an ACE inhibitor. What effect will this have on his body?

A

It will inhibit the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

23
Q

Hormones of the immune system include all of the following, except ___.

A

natriuretic factor.

24
Q

Which of the following is an example of a local vasodilator?

A

nitric oxide

25
Q

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ____ cells.

A

B

26
Q

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except ___.

A

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein

27
Q

What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole?

A

arteries

28
Q

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the ___.

A

precapillary sphincter.

29
Q

During exercise

A

vasodilation occurs at the active skeletal muscles, venous return increases, both cardiac output and stroke volume increase, and tissue perfusion to the digestive system decreases.

30
Q

Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following?

A

high cholesterol, lack of exercise, smoking, and obesity

31
Q

Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased ___.

A

Salt and water loss through the kidneys.

32
Q

Total peripheral resistance is related t all of the following, except the ___.

A

osmolarity of interstitial fluids

33
Q

Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporine A. What does this medication do?

A

suppresses helper T cells, thus preventing rejection

34
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic or function of nonspecific defenses?

A

dependence on the activity of lymphocytes

35
Q

Why would liver, lungs, and CNS be affected by a low monocyte count in blood?

A

Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, and microglia are derived from monocytes

36
Q

The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the ___.

A

Tunica media

37
Q

Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the ___.

A

lungs

38
Q

All of the following EXCEPT _____ is an effect of complement activation.

A

reducing inflammation

39
Q

Which analogy is most appropriate for comparing the interaction of an antibody’s active site binding with an antigen?

A

An enzyme interacting with a substrate molecule

40
Q

Compared to arteries, veins ___.

A

Have thinner walls

41
Q

Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits ___.

A

Both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.

42
Q

A tumor cell has developed and begun to divide in Amy’s liver. What type of immune cells will be able to detect and kill the tumor cells?

A

natural killer cells

43
Q

In response to hemorrhage, there is

A

mobilization of the venous reserve

44
Q

Although it is true that veins carry ___, it is NOT always true that they carry ___ blood.

A

blood to the heart, O2 poor

45
Q

Blood in the left internal iliac artery could travel to ___.

A

gluteal muscles

46
Q

Why does most filtration take place at the arterial end of a capillary?

A

CHP is higher at the arterial end

47
Q

Plasma cells ____.

A

secrete antibodies

48
Q

Which is NOT associated with lymph?

A

Uvula

49
Q

Complement activation results in:

A

Chemotaxis, opsonization, Lysis, and inflammation

50
Q

White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the

A

basophils

51
Q

An infected would typically contains ___.

A

Dead neutrophils, cellular debris, tissue fluids, and pus.

52
Q

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is ___.

A

Aldosterone.

A&P (7 decks)

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