Endocrine Flashcards
What characteristic is exclusive to the endocrine system when compared with the nervous system?
effective in coordinating cell, tissue, and organ activities on a sustained, long-term basis
What is one of the endocrine functions of the hypothalamus?
It secretes regulatory hormones that influence endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary gland
What are peptide hormones?
They are chains of amino acids such as glycoproteins, small proteins, or polypeptides
If levels of calcium are low in the blood, what hormone would restore calcium to homeostasis?
parathyroid hormone
The vascular arrangement of the hypophyseal portal system:
provides efficient means of ensuring that all hypothalamic hormones will reach target cells in the adenohypophysis before being diluted in general circulation.
What is the role of FSH in males?
It stimulates nurse cells, which then promote the maturation of sperm.
If a person has been drinking alcohol, how is ADH released by the neurohypophysis affected?
ADH secretion is inhibited by drinking alcohol.
A person with diabetes insipidus has a decreased secretion of _______.
ADH
Why do high levels of cortisol, a steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex, cause a decrease in the pituitary secretion of ACTH?
ACTH participates in a negative feedback loop with cortisol.
Which pancreatic cell type is paired with the hormone it produces?
beta cells / insulin
What are two functions of insulin?
IT will facilitate the transport and utilization of glucose by cells and It promotes protein synthesis.
What is an effect of glucagon?
Breakdown of triglyerides in adipose tissue.
Cells in the ___ are insulin independent, which means that they can ____.
Brain, kidneys, and digestive tract; absorb glucose without insulin stimulation
Why are diabetics continuously thirsty and why do they frequently urinate?
less water is reclaimed by osmosis in the kidneys and water loss reduces blood volume, promoting secretion of ADH
Increased amounts of sunlight inhibit the production of which hormone?
Melatonin
What disease results from the overproduction of glucocorticoids?
Cushing’s Disease
Deficiencies of which hormones impede normal skeletal development?
GH, thyroid hormone, PTH, and reproductive hormones
What is the effect of renin secretion by the kidneys?
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
What is not an effect of thyroid hormones on major organ systems?
decreased turnover of minerals in bone
The removal of the parathyroid glands results in a decrease in the blood concentration of which important mineral?
Calcium ions
Failure of the zona glomerulosa to secrete aldosterone would result in ______.
loss of Na+, K+ retention, and decreased reabsorption of water at the kidneys
Secretion of cortisol by the zona fasciculata ___ in the liver and has am ___ effect on CRH in the hypothalamus.
increases glucose synthesis; inhibitory
Melatonin is well known for its role in regulating circadian rhythm. What are two other functions of melatonin.
Inhibits reproductive functions and protects CNS neurons from free radicals
In what ways are hormonal effects of E and NE from the adrenal medulla similar to the effects of glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata?
both increase blood glucose levels and promote the breakdown of stored fats into fatty acids
