Digestive System Flashcards
Your molars are most useful for ____.
crushing and grinding a tough pizza
Which of the following is a function of mesenteries?
mesenteries stabilize the organs of the abdominal cavity, mesenteries provide a route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels to and from the digestive tract, and mesenteries prevent the intestines from becoming tangled with changes in body position
What is occurring when the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis is closed?
Swallowing
What is the primary source of flatus emitted from the intestines?
indigestible carbohydrates acted on by bacteria
Which age-related changes in the digestive system are the results of decreased smooth muscle tone?
weaker peristaltic contractions and decrease in motility and presence of hemorrhoids and esophageal reflux
The four major layers of the GI tract are ___.
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Which type of epithelium lines the intestines, and why?
simple columnar epithelium; because this area is involved with the absorption of nutrients
Which structures comprise a hepatic triad?
branches of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery, and a branch of the bile duct
The major histological differences between the large intestine and small intestine are that the large intestine ____.
lacks villi, has abundant goblet cells, and has deeper intestinal glands
How do most chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system?
through lacteals
Where in the human body will chemical digestion begin?
in the oral cavity
In which region(s) of the digestive tract does mechanical processing occur?
in the mouth (by teeth and tongue), in the stomach (by churning), and in the small intestine (by segmentation)
What is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus?
It contains skeletal muscle along the superior one-third of its length.
How do the regional specializations of the small intestine change along its length?
the duodenum has small villi and numerous mucous glands, the jejunum has numerous villi for absorption, and the ileum contains aggregated lymphoid nodules.
Where are the motor neurons that control smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretions of the GI tract located?
in the myenteric plexus
Which of the enzymes below would digest a particular carbohydrate into glucose and fructose?
sucrose
The liver has more than 200 critical functions. Which of the following is NOT a liver function?
secretion of CCK, storage and concentration of bile
How do the roles of pepsinogen and HCI interact in the stomach?
HCI is necessary for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin.
What effect(s) does the secretion of CCK have on a fatty meal’s entrance to the duodenum?
inhibits secretion of gastric acids and enzymes, slowing gastric emptying
What effect does secretion of secretin by enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum have on the pancreas?
It stimulates production of pancreatic buffers that protect the duodenum
Why is diarrhea potentially life threatening, but constipation is not?
Diarrhea cause rapid water and electrolyte loss
When a person suffers from chronic gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerve serving the stomach are sometimes surgically severed. This is because the vagus nerve:
stimulates gastric secretions through the parasympathetic division.
Which disorder increases the rate at which fluids move into the peritoneal cavity? What condition results from excess fluids in the peritoneal cavity?
Liver disease; ascites
Which statement below is true with regard to gastric activity in the digestive system?
Overstimulation of the sympathetic division of the ANS can inhibit the cephalic phase and lead to stomach upset
Which of the following statements correctly states the absorption of an ion/vitamin?
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed from micelles along with dietary lipids
How does taking fat-soluble vitamins on an empty stomach affect the absorption of those vitamins?
The vitamins are not absorbed, because they require presence of other lipids.
