Digestive System

Question 1

Your molars are most useful for ____.

Answer 1

crushing and grinding a tough pizza

Question 2

Which of the following is a function of mesenteries?

Answer 2

mesenteries stabilize the organs of the abdominal cavity, mesenteries provide a route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels to and from the digestive tract, and mesenteries prevent the intestines from becoming tangled with changes in body position

Question 3

What is occurring when the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis is closed?

Answer 3

Swallowing

Question 4

What is the primary source of flatus emitted from the intestines?

Answer 4

indigestible carbohydrates acted on by bacteria

Question 5

Which age-related changes in the digestive system are the results of decreased smooth muscle tone?

Answer 5

weaker peristaltic contractions and decrease in motility and presence of hemorrhoids and esophageal reflux

Question 6

The four major layers of the GI tract are ___.

Answer 6

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Question 7

Which type of epithelium lines the intestines, and why?

Answer 7

simple columnar epithelium; because this area is involved with the absorption of nutrients

Question 8

Which structures comprise a hepatic triad?

Answer 8

branches of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery, and a branch of the bile duct

Question 9

The major histological differences between the large intestine and small intestine are that the large intestine ____.

Answer 9

lacks villi, has abundant goblet cells, and has deeper intestinal glands

Question 10

How do most chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system?

Answer 10

through lacteals

Question 11

Where in the human body will chemical digestion begin?

Answer 11

in the oral cavity

Question 12

In which region(s) of the digestive tract does mechanical processing occur?

Answer 12

in the mouth (by teeth and tongue), in the stomach (by churning), and in the small intestine (by segmentation)

Question 13

What is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus?

Answer 13

It contains skeletal muscle along the superior one-third of its length.

Question 14

How do the regional specializations of the small intestine change along its length?

Answer 14

the duodenum has small villi and numerous mucous glands, the jejunum has numerous villi for absorption, and the ileum contains aggregated lymphoid nodules.

Question 15

Where are the motor neurons that control smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretions of the GI tract located?

Answer 15

in the myenteric plexus

Question 16

Which of the enzymes below would digest a particular carbohydrate into glucose and fructose?

Answer 16

sucrose

Question 17

The liver has more than 200 critical functions. Which of the following is NOT a liver function?

Answer 17

secretion of CCK, storage and concentration of bile

Question 18

How do the roles of pepsinogen and HCI interact in the stomach?

Answer 18

HCI is necessary for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin.

Question 19

What effect(s) does the secretion of CCK have on a fatty meal’s entrance to the duodenum?

Answer 19

inhibits secretion of gastric acids and enzymes, slowing gastric emptying

Question 20

What effect does secretion of secretin by enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum have on the pancreas?

Answer 20

It stimulates production of pancreatic buffers that protect the duodenum

Question 21

Why is diarrhea potentially life threatening, but constipation is not?

Answer 21

Diarrhea cause rapid water and electrolyte loss

Question 22

When a person suffers from chronic gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerve serving the stomach are sometimes surgically severed. This is because the vagus nerve:

Answer 22

stimulates gastric secretions through the parasympathetic division.

Question 23

Which disorder increases the rate at which fluids move into the peritoneal cavity? What condition results from excess fluids in the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 23

Liver disease; ascites

Question 24

Which statement below is true with regard to gastric activity in the digestive system?

Answer 24

Overstimulation of the sympathetic division of the ANS can inhibit the cephalic phase and lead to stomach upset

Question 25

Which of the following statements correctly states the absorption of an ion/vitamin?

Answer 25

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed from micelles along with dietary lipids

Question 26

How does taking fat-soluble vitamins on an empty stomach affect the absorption of those vitamins?

Answer 26

The vitamins are not absorbed, because they require presence of other lipids.