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psyc > test 2 PSYC121 > Flashcards

test 2 PSYC121 Flashcards

1
Q

physiognomy

A

physical appearance (face) is window to the soul

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2
Q

narcissism

A

younger more, men more

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3
Q

interactionism

A

genetic factors + environment

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4
Q

Christie and Geis (1970)

A

the machiavellian personality- lack of concern for morality, lack of affect in relationships, low ideological commitment

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5
Q

interpersonal psychopathy symptoms

A

arrogant, callous, manipulative

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6
Q

affective psychopathy symptoms

A

shallow, irritable, lacking remorse

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7
Q

behavioural psychopathy symptoms

A

impulsive, irresponsible, breaks rules

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8
Q

the dark tetrad

A

narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy

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9
Q

pluralism

A

many ways of practising/thinking

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10
Q

Dsm

A

recognised mental health disorders with guidelines for diagnosis

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11
Q

icd-ll

A

other common classification system

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12
Q

descriptive

A

approaches distinguish based on observable features, dsm does this

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13
Q

causal

A

approaches distinguish based on some underlying cause

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14
Q

dsm disorders

A

around 298 mental disorders

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15
Q

heterogeneity

A

many origin

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16
Q

symptomatic heterogeneity

A

meet dsm criteria while having very different sets of symptoms

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17
Q

causal

A

many dsm diagnoses are capturing diverse patterns of difficulty under one label

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18
Q

theory

A

explanatory theory is a scientific explanation of how something works

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19
Q

traditional model of panic attacks (Clark, 1986)

A

trigger stimulus = pereceived threat- apprehension- body sensations- interpretation of sensations as catastrophic- perceived threat

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20
Q

transdiagnostic mechanism

A

chunk of theory that seems to apply across different problems/diagnoses

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21
Q

hyperventilation cycle

A

stress = hyperventilation- anxiety- more hyperventilating- symptoms worsen- hyperventilation

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22
Q

formulation

A

theory of an individual’s particular presenting problems (rather than a disorder)

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23
Q

avoidance cycle

A

perceive danger- avoid- brief relief- anxiety grows- perceive danger

24
Q

Uncertainty

A

infants live in a constant state of… As we learn about the world, it becomes more predictable, When we can make predictions about the world, we are better at conserving valuable energy/resources

25
Q

Language Development

A

reducing uncertainty in the behaviour of other people by decoding sounds

26
Q

Physical Development

A

reducing uncertainty about how to operate the body in which you were born

27
Q

Evolution

A

process by which all living things gradually change in ways that allow them to better adapt to their environment

28
Q

adaptive function

A

“how does the observed behaviour help the organism to survive”

29
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Learning about the world

30
Q

Social Development

A

Getting help from others

31
Q

Attachment

A

An enduring emotional tie between an infant and their caregiver

32
Q

precocial

A

they are capable of surviving on their own from birth

33
Q

altricial

A

we are incapable of surviving on their own at birth, babies are born underdeveloped, compared to other mammals

34
Q

Oxytocin

A

a hormone that is key in stimulating uterine contractions (inducing labor), lactation (breastfeeding)

35
Q

Konrad Lorenz (1937)

A

discovered that some animals (ducks, geese) develop attachment very quickly after they are born (“critical period”)

36
Q

Critical Window

A

There is a narrow window of time in which imprinting can take place (12-17 hours after hatching)

37
Q

Critical Periods

A

Starts and ends abruptly
During this time, organism is extremely sensitive to external stimuli that are compulsory for developing a particular skill

38
Q

Sensitive Periods

A

Starts and ends gradually
During this period, organism is especially sensitive to external stimuli

39
Q

Feeding Hypothesis

A

Function of attachment is to access food (survival), Psychoanalytic theory (Sigmund Freud): Attachment formed through “drive reduction” (food), Learning/Behaviour: Attachment formed through association with feeding

40
Q

Social Needs Hypothesis

A

Attachment is about fulfilling an important social need to be soothed or loved (“creature comforts”)

41
Q

Harlow’s Studies on Attachment in Rhesus monkeys

A

Regardless of which mother fed them, they spent more time with the cloth mother (strong evidence against the feeding hypothesis)

42
Q

formation of human attachment

A

months 0-2 does not discriminate
2-7 begins to prefer familiar people, beginning of ‘stranger danger’
7-24 developed attachment to primary caregiver, beginning of ‘separation anxiety’
24- onwards reciprocal relationship, child feels secure over prolonged separations
sensitive period

43
Q

bowlby’s theory of attachment

A

he theorise that attachment- is an all or nothing process- is carried out by an innate behavioural system- goal of infant’s attachment behaviors is to get closer to caregiver

44
Q

mary ainsworth’s strange situation test

A

goal- to measure the quality of attachment in infant- caregiver relationship

45
Q

insecure avoidant attachment style

A

parents won’t respond to needs

46
Q

insecure resistant attachment

A

unpredictable responses to needs

47
Q

disorganised attachment (rare)

A

no set pattern of expectations- i don’t know what works so i’ll try whatever

48
Q

body budget

A

Every action has a metabolic cost (breathing, thinking, walking, sleeping, etc).

49
Q

Unnecessary Expenditure

A

Expending the energy needed to do the (bad) action

50
Q

Opportunity Cost

A

Missing the opportunity to do the (better) action that would be more helpful in the long run

51
Q

Executive Functions (EF)

A

Monitoring and Control of thought, action, and emotion, to effectively achieve one’s goals, EFs are the cognitive skills needed for self-control- the speed of a car is self control, efs are the oil, the road, your ability- how we achieve self control

52
Q

Inhibition

A

the ability to restrain oneself from performing a particular action

53
Q

social expectations

A

conditional love and affection

54
Q

social learning

A

inherit perfectionistic behaviors

55
Q

social reaction

A

perfectionism as a protective reaction- reaction to living in a harsh environment- provide a sense of stability/control, prove racist stereotypes wrong

56
Q

anxious rearing

A

parental anxiety and projection- more likely to be sentenced to a longer jail sentence than pakeha- racism

psyc (9 decks)

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