Test 2 Flashcards
Francis Galton
intelligence is a product of sensorimotor “abilities”
- measured height, weight , breathing power, hearing, visual activity, etc.
Alfred Binet
measured “mental age”
- intelligence quotient = mental age/chronological age
- assessed memory, attention, imagination, comprehension
modern iq tests
no longer a quotient, but they are also a compilation of numerous subtests
IQ Test- WAIS
measures cognitive ability (Vocabulary, comprehension, similarities, information, reasoning)
IQ Test- Raven’s Progressive Matrices
measures abstract reasoning
reliability
the consistency of a measure
- test-retest reliability
validity
whether a test measures what it is intended to measure
- predictive validity
factor analysis
revealed that IQ test subtests are only partially independent; a common, general factor associated with them all to varying degrees.
general intelligence (g)
a capacity that provides an advantage on virtually any mental task
intelligence specialization
is a possibility (ie. math smart)
general intelligence categories
Linguistic ability, numerical ability, spatial ability, ability to handle fast-paced tasks, and ability to memorize new material.
general intelligence hierarchy
predicts different correlations between categories and within categories (High correlation within clusters, Moderate correlation between clusters)
linguistic ability- Correlated- if you score high on a, you should score high on b
Correlation between linguistic a and numerical b, but not as high within the same cluster
crystallized intelligence
acquired knowledge, esentially things we have learned through our lives (tests of vocabulary)
not impacted when under the influence
fluid intelligence
the ability to deal with novel problems, essentially how we solve problems (tests requiring speeded performance, tests of reasoning ability, tests of memory)
impacted when under the influence
fluid and crystallized intelligence
independent of one another
other intelligence
practical
rationality
emotional
theory of multiple intelligences
practical intelligence
“street-smart” reasoning needed in day-to-day settings
rationality
the capacity for critically assessing information as it is gathered in the natural environment
emotional intelligence
ability to understand own emotions, others’ emotions, and control own emotions when appropriate
theory of multiple intelligences
linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial intelligences
musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial intelligences
already assessed in standard IQ tests
musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
not assessed traditionally
mechanisms of intelligence
two hypothesis:
1: faster processing speed
2: better executive control
most likely: its both plus other things
hypothesis 1
faster processing speed= more myelination??
inspection time- the time one needs to make a discrimination between two stimuli- People that score high on iq tests seem to do other tests faster
- negative correlation (Fast=high, longer= lower
hypothesis 2
better executive control
working memory capacity positively correlated with g
roots of intelligence
intelligence affected by both genetics and environment (twin and adoption studies)
twin study
proves genetic involvement
monozygotic twins reared together, highest similarity of intelligence scores, unrelated individuals in different households lowest similarity of intelligence scores
adoption study
proves environmental involvement
pre-adoption (in abusive household), when put in low-SES, has higher IQ than before but still lower than high-SES or Mid-SES rearing.
Flynn effect
scores on intelligences tests have risen approximately 3 points per decade over the last few decades
- observed widely
- cannot be explained genetically- therefore, based on environment
group differences
“racial” differences exist, especially in the US
White American’s generally have higher intelligence than black Americans, in terms of these tests
why are there racial differences?
need to consider history of IQ tests, racism, andcontinued divison of groups- black americans tend to have a lower socioeconomic status as well.
stereotype threat
negative impact of social stereotypes, once activated, on task performance
If I start stats class with “women on average perform poorly,” they will hear this and start believing in this, bringing it to reality
