Chapter 7 lecture + textbook (under test 1 content )

Question 1

How is learning preparation for retrieval?

Answer 1

The way info was learned interacts w/ how its retrieved later (learning connects w/ existing memory via retrieval paths)

Question 2

What are the different ways to retrieve info from memory?

Answer 2

-Recall (w/out stimulus present)
-Recognition (w/ stimulus)

Question 3

Context-dependent learning

Answer 3

the state the learner is in during acquisition (env cues may help activate memories of past)
-however context is psychological NOT physical

Question 4

Study about context-dependent learning

Answer 4

Land VS Underwater learning and testing
-if location of studying and test are same=better performance

Question 5

Context reinstatement

Answer 5

Re-creating the context of learning episode
-just have to imagine the ENV you were studying=will perform just as well (compared to if you were actually tested in same location)

Question 6

Encoding specificity

Answer 6

Remembering both materials to be learned and context of that material (env, people, room)

e.g. Lifted VS Tuned Piano
Thoses cued w/ same studied context cue=faster recall

Specificity is consistent w/ brain activity of encoding VS remembering

Question 7

How is memory a network?

Answer 7

-Memories thought to be vask network of ideas (all connected)
-Nodes (memories) connected via associative links

Question 8

Spreading Activation

Answer 8

Activation travels within a network from node to node (activation is going to spread to other memories)

Question 9

Subthreshold activation

Answer 9

Hints, and cues at each node can accumulate via summation and trigger memories

-these small hints can sum together and activate

Question 10

What does memory network explain?

Answer 10

-Hints
-Semantic priming: activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other related ideas (lexical decision task)

Question 11

Lexical Decision Task

Answer 11

-shown 2 real words together or one/two nonsense words (must detect real from fake words)
-supports spreading activation

Question 12

Results of Lexical Decision Task

Answer 12

If the first word primes second, has semantic meaning w/ each other= must faster at detecting

Question 13

Recall

Answer 13

generates own memory after given cue (e.g. short answer)

Question 14

Recognition

Answer 14

info is presented, must decide if its the sought after info (e.g. multiple choice)

Question 15

Source Memory VS Familiarity

Answer 15

SM: can remember details of studying

Familiarity: don’t remember exact details (usually attribute to something)

“remember/know” judgments help distinguish

Question 16

Where did increase activation patterns during encoding correlated to Source Memory occur?

Answer 16

Hippocampus (likely to recollect having seen that stimulus/ know source)

Question 17

Where did increase activation patterns during encoding correlated to Familiarity occur?

Answer 17

Rhinal cortex (likely to seem familiar when viewed later on)

Question 18

Degree of memorability

Answer 18

1. Source memory
2. Familiarity
3. Memory without awareness (implicit memory vs explicit memory- actively aware of memory)

Question 19

Implicit memory

Answer 19

-Repetition priming: without consciousness/recollection lexical decisions are faster
e.g. word-stem completion tasks
-unconsciously seeing word will probe memory and impact behaviour

Question 20

Misattributing Familiarity

Answer 20

-unsettling why we don’t remember

Question 21

Examples of misattributing familiarity

Answer 21

-False fame effect
-Illusion of truth
-Source confusion

Question 22

False fame effect

Answer 22

Given names prior
-those immediately tested:
recognize famous names and familiar names from list as not being famous

-those tested a day after:
loss sense of source, think names of list are famous

Question 23

Illusion of truth

Answer 23

effect of implicit memory which claims that are familiar end up seeming more plausible because they forget the source (e.g. spreading rumours)

Question 24

Source confusion

Answer 24

drives misattribution of why something feels familiar

Question 25

Processing pathway

Answer 25

-how memory happens
-sequence of detectors/connections between them that leads to recognition/remembering a stimulus/idea

Question 26

Processing fluency

Answer 26

ease of pathway=remember better

Question 27

What triggers attribution processes (how we may get things wrong)

Answer 27

changes in fluency or discrepancies between expected and experienced

Question 28

Explicit memory

Answer 28

Conscious:
-episodic (specific event)
-semantic (general knowledge, not tied to space/time)

Question 29

Implicit memeory

Answer 29

Unconscious revealed by indirect test:
-Procedural memory: knowing how (skills)
-Priming (changes in perception caused by previous experience)
-Perceptual learning (perception of world increases as we have more experience/repeated exposure of world)
-Classical conditioning (associations among stimuli)

Question 30

Amnesia

Answer 30

suggest existence of distinct memory types:
-intact semantic, impaired episodic
-intact episodic, impaired semantic
-intact implicit, impaired explicit (hippocampal damage led to dear of “learned stimulus” w/ NO explicit memory)
-intact explicit, impaired implicit (amygdala damage led to intact explicit memory of fearful event, but no sense of fear)

Question 31

Optimal Learning

Answer 31

-depends of how memories will later be used/retrieved (e.g. make own test questions)
-use multiple perspectives (dif approaches, dif pathways)