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Anatomy > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The three stages of phonation

A

Onset, Sustained Phonation, and Offset

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2
Q

Simultaneous Attack

A

breath stream starts at as folds adduct

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3
Q

Breathy Attack

A

breath stream starts before folds adduct

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4
Q

Glottal Attack

A

breath stream starts after folds adduct

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5
Q

Functions of the Larynx

A

Nonbiological: sound source
Biological: lifting, expelling foreign objects(coughing), defecation

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6
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

supports larynx, attaches to tongue, 23 muscles attached to it, unpaired

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7
Q

Arytenoid Cartilages

A

vocal cords attach to them

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8
Q

2 Laryngeal Joints

A

cricoarytenoid joint and cricothyroid joint

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9
Q

Cricoarytenoid Joint

A

primary movement is to rock in and out for adduction/abduction

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10
Q

Cricothyroid Joint

A

rocks forward to increase tension on vocal folds

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11
Q

Glottis

A

space between vocal folds

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12
Q

Membranous Portion of Vocal Fold

A

12-15 mm and portion including free margin

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13
Q

Cartilaginous Portion

A

7-9 mm and portion bounded by cartilage of arytenoids

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14
Q

Extrinsic Muscles

A

muscles with one component on the larynx and one outside of the larynx

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15
Q

Intrinsic Muscles

A

muscles with both origin and insertion within the larynx

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16
Q

Suprahyoid

A

muscles that insert above the hyoid (elevate the hyoid bone and larynx)

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17
Q

Infrahyoid

A

muscles that insert below the hyoid (they depress the hyoid bone and larynx)

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18
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx

A

thyrohyoid and sternothyroid

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19
Q

Sternohyoid

A

Extrinsic: depresses hyoid

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20
Q

Omohyoid

A

Extrinsic: depresses hyoid

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21
Q

Sternothyroid

A

Extrinsic: depresses thyroid

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22
Q

Thyrohyoid

A

Extrinsic: depresses hyoid/elevates larynx

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23
Q

Stylohyoid

A

Extrinsic: Moves hyoid posteriorly

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24
Q

Digastric

A

Extrinsic: draws hyoid up and forward

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25
Q

Mylohyoid

A

Extrinsic: elevates hyoid/depresses mandible

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26
Q

Geniohyoid

A

Extrinsic: elevates hyoid/depresses mandible

27
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

A

Intrinsic: adducts vocal folds

28
Q

Transverse Arytenoid

A

Intrinsic: adducts vocal folds

29
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

A

Intrinsic: abducts vocal folds

30
Q

Oblique Arytenoid

A

Intrinsic: pulls the apex medially

31
Q

Aryepiglottic

A

Intrinsic: constricts laryngeal opening

32
Q

Cricothyroid

A

Intrinsic: depresses thyroid/ tenses vocal folds

33
Q

Thyroarytenoid and Thyromuscularis

A

Intrinsic: relaxes vocal folds

34
Q

Thyrovocalis

A

Intrinsic: tenses vocal folds

35
Q

5 Layers of the Vocal Folds

A
  1. squamous epithelium 2. basement membrane 3. superficial lamina propria 4. intermediate lamina propria 5. deep lamina propria
36
Q

Lamina Propria

A

3 layers of connective tissue lies beneath mucosal epithelia throughout body

37
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A

maintains shape of vocal folds and helps keep them hydrated

38
Q

Basement Membrane

A

made up of collagen: fibrous and strong

39
Q

Superficial Lamina Propria

A

secreted by osteoblasts; cushions vocal folds

40
Q

Intermediate Lamina Propria

41
Q

Deep Lamina Propria

A

supportive and collagenous

42
Q

Passive and Active Qualities of Vocal Folds

A

Passive: consistency of stiff rubber bands
Active: contractile properties control stiffness

43
Q

Edema

44
Q

Dysphonia

A

reduction in any vocal function, including appropriate vibration, pitch change, or intensity change

45
Q

Aphonia

A

complete loss of voice

46
Q

Diplophonia

A

perception of two pitches in voicing

47
Q

Paralysis

A

complete loss of function due to neurological lesion

48
Q

Paresis

A

partial loss of muscle function due to neurological lesion

49
Q

Larynx

A

the cartilaginous structure at the superior end of the trachea designed for the protection of the airway from foreign objects

50
Q

Pitch

A

the psychological correlate of frequemcy

51
Q

Intensity

A

the level of sound, measured in decibels

52
Q

Frequency

A

number of vibrations per second

53
Q

Loudness

A

the psychological correlate of intensity

54
Q

Glottis

A

the space between the vocal folds

55
Q

Subglottal

A

the region below the vocal folds

56
Q

Supraglottal

A

the region above the vocal folds

57
Q

Metastasis

A

spreading of cancerous cells

58
Q

Metastasize

A

verb implying the spread of cancerous cells

59
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

a reactive lesions from tissue irritation occurring typically under the tongue and posterior vocal folds

60
Q

Hemangiomas

A

blood-filled sacs are typically found on the posterior vocal folds, they arise from abuse or intubation during surgery

61
Q

Neoplasm

A

tissue aggregates arising from vocal abuse that cause hard contact between the vocal cords

62
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

most common laryngeal cancer, connective tissue covering the vocal folds

63
Q

Laryngeal Cancer

A

tumors and their locations are glottal, supraglottal, or subglottal

64
Q

Degenerative Neurological Diseases

A

leads to speech problems; Parkinson’s, ALS, Multiple Sclerosis, Strokes, and vocal fold paralysis are some examples

Anatomy (10 decks)

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