Speech Hearing Disorders 1

Question 1

Anotia

Answer 1

absence of an auricle

Question 2

Microtia

Answer 2

abnormally small or misshapen auricle, has a grading system

Question 3

Preauricular Pits and Tags

Answer 3

pits: small hole lying anterior to the auricle
tags: appendage lying anterior to the auricle

Question 4

Seroma

Answer 4

a collection of serous fluid in the subperichondrial layer

Question 5

Hematoma

Answer 5

traumatic disruption of a perichondrial blood vessel due to severe trauma

Question 6

Allergic Dermatitis

Answer 6

reactive inflammation of the auricle, NO PAIN

Question 7

Cellulitis of the Auricle

Answer 7

a bacterial infection that begins with abrasion/laceration which becomes a bacterial infection of the epidermis, PAIN

Question 8

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 8

very common skin cancer, symptoms: otorrhea, facial paralysis, can cause difficulty hearing

Question 9

The EAC

Answer 9

function: directs sounds to the TM, and serves as an acoustic resonator, by 1-4k Hz range

Question 10

Atresia

Answer 10

absence of the opening of the EAC, very accompanied by microtia, is almost ALWAYS congenital, but it can be acquired. Causes significant hearing loss as great as 60 Db. Has severity grades.

Question 11

Acute Diffuse Generalized Otitis Externa

Answer 11

also called “swimmer’s ear”, caused by water trapped in the ear canal and causes the EAC ph balance to go from acidic to basic.

Question 12

Allergic Otitis Externa

Answer 12

allergic reaction within the EAC and causes infection, symptoms: itching, swelling, rash

middle ear

Question 13

Otomycosis

Answer 13

infection of the EAC caused by fungi or yeast, debris in the EAC may be white, black, or grey

Question 14

Cerumen Impaction

Answer 14

causes hearing loss, and can be removed by alligator forceps, suction, or water flush

Question 15

Exostosis

Answer 15

also called “surfer’s ear”, BILATERAL protrusions in the bony wall of the EAC due to consistent cold saltwater exposure

Question 16

Osteoma

Answer 16

bony tumor that occurs among middle-aged adults, solitary and UNILATERAL, rare

outer ear

Question 17

Tympanosclerosis

Answer 17

white calcified plaques of connective tissue occurring at and around the circumference of the TM and/or the head of the malleus, causes the TM to be more stiff

middle ear

Question 18

Myringosclerosis

Answer 18

when white calcified plaques form only on the TM, often confused with tympanosclerosis, usually happens from a previous PE tube

middle ear

Question 19

TM Perforation

Answer 19

a common complication of middle ear infection, can also occur due to trauma, may or may not cause a CHL

middle ear

Question 20

Eustachian Tube

Answer 20

purpose is to equalize pressure within the middle ear cavity and that of the env., to clear/drain secretions of the middle ear

Question 21

Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

Answer 21

a condition in which the ET does not function properly, preventing the equalization of air pressure bn the middle ear space and the env. most COMMON disorder
symptoms: aural fullness, pain or discomfort, difficulty popping ears, retracted TM

Question 22

Otitis Media with Effusion

Answer 22

presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of acute ear infection. NO PAIN
primary cause- the ME is a mucosa-lined space and the ET allows the ME to be an air-filled space, when pressure cannot be equalized, negative pressure builds in the ME space and creates a relative “vacuum”, overtime this vacuum effect pulls from the mucosal lining of the ME, filling the space with fluid, and since the ET is obstructed this fluid cannot drain out of the tympanum
Parents may notice- ear rubbing, inattention, communication difficulties, and disturbed sleep
Treatment: if not resolved by 3rd month then PE tubes will be placed

middle ear

Question 23

Acute Otitis Media

Answer 23

infectious, inflammatory condition of the ME usually caused by bacterial infection of fluid behind the TM, PAIN

Question 24

Cholesteatoma

Answer 24

an abnormal growth of skin that becomes trapped in the middle ear cavity, will occur at pars flaccida (superior) because it has two layers instead of three
MAY cause up to 50 dB of HL

Question 25

Paragangliomas

Answer 25

benign, slow growing, and highly vascularized neoplasms of the body, SIGN- pulsatile tinnitus

middle ear

Question 26

Otosclerosis

Answer 26

spongy bone growth over the stapedial footplate, partially fixating the footplate in the oval window, usually occurs bilaterally
SIGN- carhart notch(a decline in bone conduction thresholds at 2000 Hz)

middle ear

Question 27

Presbycusis

Answer 27

decrease in auditory function that occurs with aging, #1 cause of acquired SNHL!! SIGN- sloping bilateral SNHL that gradually progresses over time

Question 28

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

Answer 28

exposure to excessive sound results in a change in the threshold of hearing sensitivity, SIGN- noiseeee notchhhh
Degree of NIHL depends on:
1) duration and intensity
2) frequency of the noise
3) exposure frequency

Question 29

Ototoxicity

Answer 29

hearing loss that results from the ingestion of certain drugs that are administered for medical purposes, such as in the treatment of infections and cancer; causes a high frequency SNHL past 8000 Hz

Question 30

Transverse

Answer 30

plane separating top and botton

Question 31

Coronal

Answer 31

plane separating front and back

Question 32

Sagittal

Answer 32

plane separating structure into right and left (medial, lateral, dextral(right), sinistral(left))

Question 33

EAC

Answer 33

outer 2/3 is composed of skin-covered cartilage and inner 1/3 is skin-covered bone, not straight by 2 curves “S”, the canal has slight downward turn at each end

Question 34

TM

Answer 34

3 layers and 2 sections (pars flaccida and pars tensa)

Question 35

Tensor Tympani

Answer 35

attaches to the malleus

Question 36

Stapedius Tympani

Answer 36

attaches to the stapes

Question 37

Osseous Labyrinth

Answer 37

channel in the temporal bone which contains the membranous labyrinth, formed by 3 main structures: the vestibule, semicircular canals, and the cochlea

Question 38

Membranous Labyrinth

Answer 38

composed of soft-tissued fluid-filled channels within the osseous labyrinth that contain the end-organ structures of hearing and balance

Question 39

Outer Hair Cells

Answer 39

cilia are embedded into the tectorial membrane, which covers the organ of corti, 3 rows

Question 40

Inner Hair Cells

Answer 40

cilia are close to, but not in contact with tectorial membrane, 1 row

Question 41

Auricle

Answer 41

mainly serves to collect and funnel sounds, serves for sound localization in the vertical plane, provides protection, serves as an resonator to up to 5000 Hz

Question 42

EAC

Answer 42

directs sound to TM, the resonator of 3000-4000 Hz, protect the TM, protects from infection

Question 43

Impedance Matching Transformer

Answer 43

impedance= the resistance to the flow of energy
cochlea is filled with fluid and the ossicles serve to optimize the flow of energy, the ME transformer action allows us to maintain the sound energy even though it is passing through substances with different amounts of impedance, without this transformer action, about 30 dB would be lost as it travels to the cochlea.

Question 44

Impedance Matching Methods

Answer 44

1) Size difference bn the TM and the stapes footplate- pressure applied on the large end results in substantially greater pressure at the smaller end
2) Lever action of the ossicles- the malleus and incus pivot around their point of connection, the incudomalleoular joint, which contributes to an inc in vibrational amplitude at the stapes
3) The buckling action of the TM- a buckling action when the TM vibrates causes the malleus to move with 2X the amt of force compared with more simple vibration of the TM

Question 45

Muscle Tendons of the ME

Answer 45

the tendons pull the malleus and stapes in two different directions which stiffens the ossicular chain, this reduces intense sound energy traveling to the inner ear, this ultimately protects the hair cells of the inner ear from high intensity sound

Question 46

Cochlear Wave Mechanics

Answer 46

• the stapes moves in and out of the oval window which creates fluid movement in the cochlea,
  -this sets the BM into a wavelike motion (traveling wave)
  -the TW moves down the course of the BM, growing in magnitude until it reaches its pt of mx displacement,
  -when the TW reaches its pt of max displacement, the IHCs are stimulated,
  -this results in the release of the neurotransmitter, glutamate,
  -which results in the firing of the auditory nerve fiber associated with the IHC

Question 47

Role of Outer Hair Celss

Answer 47

electromotility= the unique ability of the OHCs to rapidly contract and expand in response to a sound stimulus
Cochlear Amplifier- increases sensitivity to low-intensity sounds by enhancing the vibratory stimulus delivered to the inner hair cells
Increasing Frequency Discrimination- contraction and expansion only occur in a restricted area of the BM, so the peak region of deflection is sharper in this area and therefore frequency tuning is enhanced