Test 1 Flashcards
Histology
the study of microscopic structures
clinical anatomy
anatomy as related to pathological entity, and especially as related to surgery
Comparative anatomy
anatomy that studies interspecies comparisons
Embryology
anatomy with reference to the period from conception to birth
Descriptive Anatomy
anatomy as a description of, especially a treatise describing, physical structure, more particularly that of a man
coronal plane
creating front and back halves
sagittal plane
creating left and right halves
transverse plane
creating upper and lower halves
superior
upper point
inferior
lower point
anterior
toward the front of a part
posterior
toward the back of a part
proximal
closer to the trunk of attached end
distal
further from the trunk or attached end
abduct
to draw away from the midline
adduct
to draw toward the midline
dorsal
pertaining to the back
ventral
pertaining to the belly
medial
toward the midline
lateral
away from the midline
caudal
toward the tail
superficial
toward the surface
deep
away from the surface
cranial
toward the head
rostral
toward the nose or beak
aponeurosis
sheet-like tendon
articulation
the point of union between two structures
belly
fleshy portion of a muscle
body
major portion of a structure
bone
hardest connective tissue
cartilage
connective tissue embedded in a matrix, capable of withstanding compressive and tensile forces
condyle
rounded prominence of a bone
facet
a small surface
fascia
fibrous tissue encasing muscle
fistula
opening, hole
foramen
opening, passageway
fossa
depression, groove
head
proximal portion of a bone
insertion
portion of muscle that is relatively mobile
origin
portion of a muscle that is relatively immobile
joint
articulation
ligament
fibrous connective tissue connecting bones and cartilage
muscle
contractile tissue
neck
constricted portion of a structure
organ
aggregates of tissues with functional unity
process
prominence from a structure
protuberance
bulge or prominence from the surface of a structure
sheath
covering
suture
immobile articulation
symphysis
immobile articulation fused in early development
tendon
connective tissue attaching muscle to bone or cartilage
what is a system
group of organs that function together for some purpose
systems of descriptive anatomy
muscular, digestive, respiratory, skeletal, reproductive, nervous, special senses(visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory)
Basic Tissue Types
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Tissue
aggregate of cells of the same type with functional unity
Epithelial Tissue
skin layers, the lining of cavities, may be secreting epithelium, may be ciliated
Connective Tissue: major types of tissue
adipose(fat); dense fibrous: tendon, aponeurosis, ligament, fascia; Cartilage; Bone
Muscular Tissue
Striated (skeletal, voluntary, somatic); Smooth (involuntary, autonomic), Cardiac
Visceral Muscle
smooth muscle, associated with involuntary function, glands, organs of digestion, etc.
Somatic Muscle
voluntary muscle, striated muscle, muscle associated with conscious movement
Muscles are made up of…
fibers (fast and slow twitch)
fast twitch muscle fibers
contract quickly, are for fine movement, and fatigue easily
slow twitch muscle fibers
are for larger muscles, exert greater force, move more slowly, have greater endurance, antigravity muscles of trunk
contraction
brings two points closer together, and muscles with more fibers can exert more force of contraction; longer muscles can contract farther than short muscles
Origin
the point of attachment of a muscle that is relatively immobile during contraction
Insertion
the point of attachment of a muscle that is relatively mobile during contraction
Agonist
the muscle that performs the intended action (prime mover)
Antagonist
a muscle that opposes the intended action
Nervous System
system of controls and divided into two major parts the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
Central nervous system
cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
consists of nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord, these nerves form the communication network between the CNS and the body parts. Further divided into the SOMATIC nervous system and the AUTONOMIC nervous system (the nerves).
Autonomic Nervous System
sympathetic nervous system: excitatory response to the stimulation
parasympathetic nervous system: damping resonance following excitation (energy saving; heart deceleration)
Somatic Nervous System
Motor control system, Sensory systems
Somatic efferent system
skeletal muscle
pyramidal system
direct activation pathway
Activation of agonist
extrapyramidal system: indirect system
Control of background responses
Somatic afferent system: sensory from body
Motor activation of muscle
the impulse to activate muscle arises at the motor strip of the cerebral cortex
Trachea
cartilaginous, 16-20 rings open in posterior, connected by smooth muscle, anterior to esophagus
Right lung
3 lobes, 3 secondary bronchi
Left lung
2 lobes, 2 secondary
Lungs don’t have muscle. T or F?
T
The only muscle withing the lungs is related only to bronchial dilation. T or F?
T
Thorax
cavity bounded by the rib cage
Costal (parietal) pleurae
on inner surface of rib cage
Visceral pleurae
on surface of lungs
pleural linings
provide friction-free interaction between the rib cage and lungs
surfactant
very slippery fluid between parietal and visceral pleurae
function of pleural linings
reduces surface tension, lungs follow rib cage, lungs are able to be held in dynamic suspension
cavities of respiration
thorax(cavity created by the rib cage), abdomen(space containing organs of digestion), torso(thorax+abdomen), diaphragm(separates thorax from abdomen)
Vertebral Column
composed of vertebrae, “spinal column”
cervical
(neck), 1st, 7, C1-C7
thoracic
2nd, 12, T1-T12
Lumbar
3rd, 5, L1-L5
Sacral; sacrum
4th, 5, S1-S5
Coccygeal
5th, 4, C1-C4
True Ribs
1-7, articulate directly with sternum
False Ribs
8-10, articulate with sternum via costal cartilage
Floating Ribs
11-12, do not articulate with the sternum
Sternum
Manubrium, Corpus, Xiphoid process
Rib cage
Posterior higher than anterior, elevates during inspiration, when it elevates the transverse dimension increases and pressure decreases.
Pectoral Girdle
clavicle and scapula, the clavicle supports the scapula, and connects sternum and scapula
Pelvic Girdle
Made of three bones: ILLIUM(iliac crest, articulates with sacrum); ISCHIUM(articulates with pubis); PUBIS(pubic symphysis)
Boyle’s Law
states that when you increase volume you decrease pressure and a decrease in pressure causes air to enter the lungs
2 planes of movement during inspiration…
vertical(up and down) and transverse(side to side).
Is the diaphragm the only unpaired muscle of respiration? T or F
T
Actions of Diaphragm
contracts and pulls the central tendon down. increases the vertical dimension of the thorax. compresses abdominal ciscera.
Sternocleidomastoid
comprised of two heads: sternal head and clavicular head
Sternal head of sternocleidomastoid
Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
Course: down and ventrally
Insertion: superior surface of clavicle
Innervation: XI accessory
Function: rotates head and elevates rib
Clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid
Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
Course: down
Insertion: superior surface of clavicle
Innervation: XI accessory
Function: rotates head and elevates rib cage
External Intercostals
sparse in cartilaginous region, keeps space between ribs constant
Origin: lower margin of each rib
Course: down and forward to rib below
Insertion: upper margin of rib below
Innervation: intercostal nerves
Function: elevate rib cage
Internal Intercostals
Chondral portion: this refers to the cartilaginous part
muscles of expiration (depresses ribs) EXCEPT the chondral (cartilaginous) portion of internals: these are inspiratory
They are absent near the vertebral column
External Intercostals
muscles of inspiration (elevates rib cage)
They are absent near the sternum in the chondral portion
Scalenes
scalenus anterior (C3-6), medius (C2-7), posterior (C5-8) (muscles of inspiration)
Abdominal aponeurosis
support mechanism for the abdominal muscles, and it equals broad tendon with many layers
Linea alba
from xiphoid to pubic symphysis
The interchondral portion of the internal intercostals
is used for inspiration
The interosseous portion of the internal intercostals
is used for expiration
Tidal Volume
the volume of air exchanged in one cycle of respiration
Inspiratory reserve volume
the volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
Expiratory reserve volume
the volume of air that can be expired following passive, tidal expiration; also known as resting lung volume
Residual volume
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation
dead space air
the volume of air within the conducting passageways that cannot be involved in gas exchange
vital capacity
the volume of air that can be inhaled following a maximal exhalation; includes inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
functional residual capacity
the volume of air in the body at the end of passive exhalation; includes expiratory reserve and residual volumes
total lung capacity
the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume
inspiratory capacity
the maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
acute conditions
those that occur as a result of disease or trauma, but which can be treated and ameliorated
chronic conditions
some of these can be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis and emphysema), sleep apnea, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, lung cancer, and pleurisy
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchial passageway, which results in excessive mucus production
emphysema
loss on continuity of the alveoli
pulmonary fibrosis
lung tissue, particularly the alveolar walls, becomes scarred and thickened
pleurisy
involves inflammation of the pleural lining
