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Human Physiology > Test 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Test 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Glycolysis

A

Conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

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2
Q

Glycogenesis

A

The production of GLYCOGEN, mostly in skeletal muscles and the liver (for storage?)

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3
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Hydrolysis (breakdown) of GLYCOGEN; yields glucose 6-phosphate for glycolysis, or (in the liver only) free glucose that can be secreted into the blood

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4
Q

Gluconeogensis

A

The production of GLUCOSE from NONCARBOHYDRATE molecules (i.e. lactic acid and amino acids)

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5
Q

Lipogensis

A

The formation of TRIGLYCERIDES, primarily in adipose tissue

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6
Q

Lipolysis

A

Hydrolysis (breakdown) of triglycerides, primarily in adipose tissue

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7
Q

Ketogenesis

A

The formation of ketone bodies, which are organic acts, from fatty acids.

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8
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The splitting of a larger molecule into its subunits (i.e. glycogen to glucose), in a section that also results in the breaking of a water molecule.

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9
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

The bonding together of subunits to form a longer molecule (i.e. glucose to glycogen), in a reaction that also results in the production of a molecule of water.

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10
Q

Glucose 6-Phosphatase

A

Can create glucose (through gluconeogenesis) in the blood stream or glycogen

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11
Q

Glycogen Phosphorylase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate, which is then converted to GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATASE

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12
Q

Glycogen Synthase

A

Removes phosphate groups as it polymerizes glucose

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13
Q

LDH

A

Converts Lactic Acid into Pyruvic Acid, and reduces NAD to NADH + H+

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14
Q

Coenzyme A

A

An enzyme that converts pyruvic acid into Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA is what enters the Kreb Cycle, pyruvic acid cannot enter the cycle, it must be converted first)

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15
Q

ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

The aerobic process by which ATP is created

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16
Q

Chemiosmotic Theory

A

Because of the increased proton gradient in the inter membrane space of the mitochondria, H+ are going to be shot through the ATP Synthase.

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17
Q

White Adipose Tissue

A

Looks white, great energy reserve, thermal insulation

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18
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue

A

Thermogenesis = the creation of heat.

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19
Q

Acetyl CoA (Very important!)

A

Usually a derivative of glucose (glucose –> pyruvate + CoA = Acetyl CoA) BUT, ketone bodies, fatty acids, and cholesterol can also be converted into Acetyl CoA to create energy.

It is like the middle ground for lipids and carbohydrates. When there is more energy than needed, it can be converted into fatty acids and glycogen.

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20
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Hormone that causes brown adipose tissue to form uncoupling protein (UCP1)

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21
Q

Ketosis

A

Build up of ketones in the blood

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22
Q

Ketone Bodies

A

When your body isn’t ingesting enough glucose to create energy, fatty acids are utilized as adipose tissue is converted into Acetyl CoA and then into ketone bodies that enter the blood stream.

Liver converts fatty acids into acetyl CoA and then into ketone bodies. Basically energy from fatty acids in the blood stream

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23
Q

Transamination

A

Used in amino acid metabolism. Requires enzyme transaminase (Transfers amino acids across)

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24
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogenous waste (urine)

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25
Q

Oxidative Deamination

A

If you have more amino acids than you need, this is how you get rid of them. Amine groups are removed and expelled by being turned into Urea

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26
Q

Amino Acid Metabolism

A

Remove the amine group and use whats left to create Acetyl CoA

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27
Q

Na+/K+ Pump

A

3 Na+ out… 2 K+ in.

Creates a negative charge within the cell and produces electrochemical impulses

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28
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The results of unequal distribution of charges in a cell (negative charge inside vs. positive charge outside). The difference in charge is the membrane potential

29
Q

Fixed anions

A

Proteins and phosphate groups that create a negative charge within the cell

30
Q

Leaky plasma membrane

A

It leaks out K+, due to the concentration gradient, contributing to the negative charge

31
Q

Potential Difference

A

The magnitude of the difference between the outside and inside charge of a cell.

32
Q

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

A

-70mV.

In-between K+ Equilibrium Potential (-90mV) and Na+ Equilibrium Potential (+66mV)

33
Q

Depolarization

A

Getting more positive, Na+ channels bring more Na+ in.

34
Q

Repolarization

A

Getting back to being negative, K+ channels send more K+ out.

35
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Overshooting during repolarization. Instead of -70mV, reaches -90-95mV.

36
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Intrinsic Signaling, cells make the signal.

Channels between adjacent cells that allow ions and regulatory molecules to pass through

37
Q

Synaptic Signaling

A

Extrinsic Signaling. Something else is acting on the cells (i.e. neurons and hormones)
Neurons secrete neurotransmitters across synapses to target cells

38
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

Extrinsic Signaling. Something else is acting on the cells (i.e. neurons and hormones)
Hormones into bloodstream to reach multiple targets

39
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Intrinsic Signaling, cells make the signal.

Molecules diffuse across ECF to nearby target cells. Local signaling

40
Q

Nonpolar

A

lipid-soluble.

41
Q

Polar

A

Water-soluble.

42
Q

cAMP

A

Secondary messenger, kind of middle man.

  1. Polar signal molecule binds to receptor on the outside of the cell
  2. Adenylyl cyclcase activated = cAMP from ATP
  3. cAMP activates downstream enzymes
  4. Cell activates change in response
43
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells. Transports gasses and nutrients. No nucleus or mitochondria.

44
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells. Immune System. Has nucleus and mitochondria. Two kinds

  1. ) Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
  2. ) Agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes
45
Q

Diapedesis

A

When white blood cells squeeze there way out of capillaries and blood cells into damaged tissue to clean it up.

46
Q

Thrombrocytes

A

Blood platelets. Involved in blood clotting. Smallest cells in blood vessels

47
Q

Hyperplatia

A

Increase in cell number

48
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

49
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Big cells with giant nuclei that burst and make platelets

50
Q

Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

A

Process of making all different kinds of blood cells. Occurs in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) and lymphoid tissue (white bone marrow)

51
Q

Hematopoeitic stem cells

A

Can give rise to all blood cells

52
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of erythrocytes. Stimulated by erythropoietin from kidneys

53
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Formation of leukocytes

54
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Stimulates megakaryocyte proliferation

55
Q

Circulatory System Functions

A

a) Transport: respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes
b) Regulation: hormonal & temperature
c) Protection: clotting & immunity

56
Q

Antigen D/Rh Factor

A

Rh- mothers antibodies attack fetal RBC’s, killing the fetus.

57
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

Between atria and ventricles

58
Q

Tricuspid (AV)

A

On the right side, between right atrium and ventricle (pulmonary)

59
Q

Bicuspid or mitral (AV)

A

On the left side, between left atrium and ventricle (arterial)

60
Q

Semilunar valves (SL)

A

Between the ventricles and arteries leaving the heart

61
Q

Pulmonary SL

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

62
Q

Aortic SL

A

Between left ventricle and aorta

63
Q

“Lub” Sound

A

Closing of AV valves; occurs at ventricular systole. (contraction, squeezing blood out, high pressure)

64
Q

“Dub” Sound

A

Closing of semilunar valves; occurs at ventricular diastole. (relaxing)

65
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart.

66
Q

Systole

A

contraction of heart muscles

67
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation of heart muscles

68
Q

End-diastolic volume

A

total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

69
Q

End-systolic volume

A

the amount of blood left in the left ventricle after systole (1/3 of the end-diastolic volume)

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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