Test 1 Vocab Flashcards
Glycolysis
Conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Glycogenesis
The production of GLYCOGEN, mostly in skeletal muscles and the liver (for storage?)
Glycogenolysis
Hydrolysis (breakdown) of GLYCOGEN; yields glucose 6-phosphate for glycolysis, or (in the liver only) free glucose that can be secreted into the blood
Gluconeogensis
The production of GLUCOSE from NONCARBOHYDRATE molecules (i.e. lactic acid and amino acids)
Lipogensis
The formation of TRIGLYCERIDES, primarily in adipose tissue
Lipolysis
Hydrolysis (breakdown) of triglycerides, primarily in adipose tissue
Ketogenesis
The formation of ketone bodies, which are organic acts, from fatty acids.
Hydrolysis
The splitting of a larger molecule into its subunits (i.e. glycogen to glucose), in a section that also results in the breaking of a water molecule.
Dehydration Synthesis
The bonding together of subunits to form a longer molecule (i.e. glucose to glycogen), in a reaction that also results in the production of a molecule of water.
Glucose 6-Phosphatase
Can create glucose (through gluconeogenesis) in the blood stream or glycogen
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate, which is then converted to GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATASE
Glycogen Synthase
Removes phosphate groups as it polymerizes glucose
LDH
Converts Lactic Acid into Pyruvic Acid, and reduces NAD to NADH + H+
Coenzyme A
An enzyme that converts pyruvic acid into Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA is what enters the Kreb Cycle, pyruvic acid cannot enter the cycle, it must be converted first)
ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
The aerobic process by which ATP is created
Chemiosmotic Theory
Because of the increased proton gradient in the inter membrane space of the mitochondria, H+ are going to be shot through the ATP Synthase.
White Adipose Tissue
Looks white, great energy reserve, thermal insulation
Brown Adipose Tissue
Thermogenesis = the creation of heat.
Acetyl CoA (Very important!)
Usually a derivative of glucose (glucose –> pyruvate + CoA = Acetyl CoA) BUT, ketone bodies, fatty acids, and cholesterol can also be converted into Acetyl CoA to create energy.
It is like the middle ground for lipids and carbohydrates. When there is more energy than needed, it can be converted into fatty acids and glycogen.
Norepinephrine
Hormone that causes brown adipose tissue to form uncoupling protein (UCP1)
Ketosis
Build up of ketones in the blood
Ketone Bodies
When your body isn’t ingesting enough glucose to create energy, fatty acids are utilized as adipose tissue is converted into Acetyl CoA and then into ketone bodies that enter the blood stream.
Liver converts fatty acids into acetyl CoA and then into ketone bodies. Basically energy from fatty acids in the blood stream
Transamination
Used in amino acid metabolism. Requires enzyme transaminase (Transfers amino acids across)
Urea
Nitrogenous waste (urine)
Oxidative Deamination
If you have more amino acids than you need, this is how you get rid of them. Amine groups are removed and expelled by being turned into Urea
Amino Acid Metabolism
Remove the amine group and use whats left to create Acetyl CoA
Na+/K+ Pump
3 Na+ out… 2 K+ in.
Creates a negative charge within the cell and produces electrochemical impulses