Test 1 Vocab Flashcards
Glycolysis
Conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Glycogenesis
The production of GLYCOGEN, mostly in skeletal muscles and the liver (for storage?)
Glycogenolysis
Hydrolysis (breakdown) of GLYCOGEN; yields glucose 6-phosphate for glycolysis, or (in the liver only) free glucose that can be secreted into the blood
Gluconeogensis
The production of GLUCOSE from NONCARBOHYDRATE molecules (i.e. lactic acid and amino acids)
Lipogensis
The formation of TRIGLYCERIDES, primarily in adipose tissue
Lipolysis
Hydrolysis (breakdown) of triglycerides, primarily in adipose tissue
Ketogenesis
The formation of ketone bodies, which are organic acts, from fatty acids.
Hydrolysis
The splitting of a larger molecule into its subunits (i.e. glycogen to glucose), in a section that also results in the breaking of a water molecule.
Dehydration Synthesis
The bonding together of subunits to form a longer molecule (i.e. glucose to glycogen), in a reaction that also results in the production of a molecule of water.
Glucose 6-Phosphatase
Can create glucose (through gluconeogenesis) in the blood stream or glycogen
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate, which is then converted to GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATASE
Glycogen Synthase
Removes phosphate groups as it polymerizes glucose
LDH
Converts Lactic Acid into Pyruvic Acid, and reduces NAD to NADH + H+
Coenzyme A
An enzyme that converts pyruvic acid into Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA is what enters the Kreb Cycle, pyruvic acid cannot enter the cycle, it must be converted first)
ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
The aerobic process by which ATP is created
Chemiosmotic Theory
Because of the increased proton gradient in the inter membrane space of the mitochondria, H+ are going to be shot through the ATP Synthase.
White Adipose Tissue
Looks white, great energy reserve, thermal insulation
Brown Adipose Tissue
Thermogenesis = the creation of heat.
Acetyl CoA (Very important!)
Usually a derivative of glucose (glucose –> pyruvate + CoA = Acetyl CoA) BUT, ketone bodies, fatty acids, and cholesterol can also be converted into Acetyl CoA to create energy.
It is like the middle ground for lipids and carbohydrates. When there is more energy than needed, it can be converted into fatty acids and glycogen.
Norepinephrine
Hormone that causes brown adipose tissue to form uncoupling protein (UCP1)
Ketosis
Build up of ketones in the blood
Ketone Bodies
When your body isn’t ingesting enough glucose to create energy, fatty acids are utilized as adipose tissue is converted into Acetyl CoA and then into ketone bodies that enter the blood stream.
Liver converts fatty acids into acetyl CoA and then into ketone bodies. Basically energy from fatty acids in the blood stream
Transamination
Used in amino acid metabolism. Requires enzyme transaminase (Transfers amino acids across)
Urea
Nitrogenous waste (urine)
Oxidative Deamination
If you have more amino acids than you need, this is how you get rid of them. Amine groups are removed and expelled by being turned into Urea
Amino Acid Metabolism
Remove the amine group and use whats left to create Acetyl CoA
Na+/K+ Pump
3 Na+ out… 2 K+ in.
Creates a negative charge within the cell and produces electrochemical impulses
Membrane Potential
The results of unequal distribution of charges in a cell (negative charge inside vs. positive charge outside). The difference in charge is the membrane potential
Fixed anions
Proteins and phosphate groups that create a negative charge within the cell
Leaky plasma membrane
It leaks out K+, due to the concentration gradient, contributing to the negative charge
Potential Difference
The magnitude of the difference between the outside and inside charge of a cell.
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
-70mV.
In-between K+ Equilibrium Potential (-90mV) and Na+ Equilibrium Potential (+66mV)
Depolarization
Getting more positive, Na+ channels bring more Na+ in.
Repolarization
Getting back to being negative, K+ channels send more K+ out.
Hyperpolarization
Overshooting during repolarization. Instead of -70mV, reaches -90-95mV.
Gap Junctions
Intrinsic Signaling, cells make the signal.
Channels between adjacent cells that allow ions and regulatory molecules to pass through
Synaptic Signaling
Extrinsic Signaling. Something else is acting on the cells (i.e. neurons and hormones)
Neurons secrete neurotransmitters across synapses to target cells
Endocrine Signaling
Extrinsic Signaling. Something else is acting on the cells (i.e. neurons and hormones)
Hormones into bloodstream to reach multiple targets
Paracrine Signaling
Intrinsic Signaling, cells make the signal.
Molecules diffuse across ECF to nearby target cells. Local signaling
Nonpolar
lipid-soluble.
Polar
Water-soluble.
cAMP
Secondary messenger, kind of middle man.
- Polar signal molecule binds to receptor on the outside of the cell
- Adenylyl cyclcase activated = cAMP from ATP
- cAMP activates downstream enzymes
- Cell activates change in response
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells. Transports gasses and nutrients. No nucleus or mitochondria.
Leukocytes
White blood cells. Immune System. Has nucleus and mitochondria. Two kinds
- ) Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
- ) Agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes
Diapedesis
When white blood cells squeeze there way out of capillaries and blood cells into damaged tissue to clean it up.
Thrombrocytes
Blood platelets. Involved in blood clotting. Smallest cells in blood vessels
Hyperplatia
Increase in cell number
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
Megakaryocyte
Big cells with giant nuclei that burst and make platelets
Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)
Process of making all different kinds of blood cells. Occurs in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) and lymphoid tissue (white bone marrow)
Hematopoeitic stem cells
Can give rise to all blood cells
Erythropoiesis
Formation of erythrocytes. Stimulated by erythropoietin from kidneys
Leukopoiesis
Formation of leukocytes
Thrombopoietin
Stimulates megakaryocyte proliferation
Circulatory System Functions
a) Transport: respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes
b) Regulation: hormonal & temperature
c) Protection: clotting & immunity
Antigen D/Rh Factor
Rh- mothers antibodies attack fetal RBC’s, killing the fetus.
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Between atria and ventricles
Tricuspid (AV)
On the right side, between right atrium and ventricle (pulmonary)
Bicuspid or mitral (AV)
On the left side, between left atrium and ventricle (arterial)
Semilunar valves (SL)
Between the ventricles and arteries leaving the heart
Pulmonary SL
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic SL
Between left ventricle and aorta
“Lub” Sound
Closing of AV valves; occurs at ventricular systole. (contraction, squeezing blood out, high pressure)
“Dub” Sound
Closing of semilunar valves; occurs at ventricular diastole. (relaxing)
Cardiac cycle
Repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart.
Systole
contraction of heart muscles
Diastole
relaxation of heart muscles
End-diastolic volume
total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
End-systolic volume
the amount of blood left in the left ventricle after systole (1/3 of the end-diastolic volume)
