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Human Physiology > Ch. 1 Intro > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of biological function; how the body works

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2
Q

Pathophysiology

A

How disease or injury alter physiological processes

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3
Q

Comparative physiology

A

Differences & similarities between vertebrates & invertebrates

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4
Q

Steps of the Scientific Method

A
  1. ) Make observations.
  2. ) Form a hypothesis that is both testable and falsifiable.
  3. ) Design and conduct experiments or make more observations.
  4. ) Analyze the data.
  5. ) Results must be replicated many times before conclusion is accepted.
  6. ) Several verified hypotheses may become a general theory.
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5
Q

Good physiological research requires:

A

1) Quantifiable measurements
2) An experimental group and a control group
3) Statistical analysis
4) Review and publication by a peer-reviewed journal

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6
Q

Developing Pharmaceuticals

A

a. Basic research conducted for years before a drug is administered to humans
b. Begins by studying effects of a chemical on cells
in vitro
c. Next, studies are done in animals in vivo for toxic
side effects. 1) Genetically modified animal models 2) Animal trials may take several years.

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7
Q

Phases of clinical trials:

A
  1. ) Phase I: healthy human volunteers for side effects, rates of passage, dosage, etc.
    2) Phase II: target human population
    3) Phase III: large scale trials – lots of test subjects = both sexes, many age groups and ethnicities, and people with more than the one health condition From here the FDA can approve the drug for sale
    4) Phase IV: other applications of the drug
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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

Constancy of internal environment.

  • Deviation from homeostasis = disease
  • Mostly negative feedback
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9
Q

Negative Feedback Loops

A

Sensor –> Integrating Center –> Effector

  • Responses are opposite of the change
  • Continuous process of fine adjustments
  • i.e. Regulating body temperature or pH levels
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10
Q

Antagonistic Effectors

A
  • Things that are going to move your condition in opposite directions
  • Homeostasis often maintained by opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directiona
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11
Q

Dynamic Constancy

A

You are going to vacillate above and below what is normal. This range is dynamic constancy

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12
Q

Positive Feedback

A
  • End product/action amplifies changes that stimulated the effectors
  • Amplifying what is happening
  • Positive feedback could not work alone, but it does contribute to many negative feedback loops

i.e. Luteinizing hormone (Menstrual cycles); uterine contractions; blood clotting

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13
Q

Set Point

A

The average for homeostasis

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14
Q

Neural and Endocrine Regulation

A

Regulation of processes within organs can occur in two ways

  • Intrinsic: Within the cells themselves
  • Extrinsic In other organs or the brain
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15
Q

Primary Tissues

A

a. Muscle tissue
b. Nervous tissue
c. Epithelial tissue
d. Connective tissue

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16
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Specialized for contraction

Three Types: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

17
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

voluntary, striated, attached to bones, long multinucleate syncytium = myofibers, unbranched, graded contractions

18
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary, found in heart, striated, short, branching, intercalated discs

19
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Lines the viscera and blood vessels, no striations, involuntary, layered in different directions, peristalsis

20
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Electrical events occuring in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

21
Q

Neurons

A

Primary cells of nervous tissue.
Three main parts: 1) Dendrites 2) Axon
3) Cell body

22
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

All the other cells…

23
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Cover body surfaces, line the inside of hollow organs, and glands; attached to basement membrane

24
Q

Epithelial membranes

A

Classified by the number of layers and shape.

i.e. - Simple vs. stratified; Squamous vs. cuboidal vs. columnar

25
Q

Stratified Epithelial Tissue

A

Nonkeratinized.

i.e. Epidermis

26
Q

Connective Tissues

A
  1. Serves to connect things
  2. Cells & extra cellular matrix
  3. 4 major categories: a.) Connective tissue proper b.) Cartilage c.) Bone d.) Blood

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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