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Human Physiology > Ch. 3 Cell Structure and Genetic Control > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Cell Structure and Genetic Control Flashcards

1
Q

Genome

A

All the genes of an organism or a particular species

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2
Q

Proteome

A

All the proteins that are produced from the genome.

More than 100,000 proteins are produced in the human body.

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3
Q

Plasma (Cell) Membrane (Structure)

A

Membrane composed of double layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded

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4
Q

Plasma (Cell) Membrane (Function)

A

Gives form to cell and controls passage of materials

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5
Q

Cytoplasm (Structure)

A

Fluid, jellylike substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus in which organelles are suspended

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6
Q

Cytoplasm (Function)

A

Serves as matrix substance in which chemical reactions occur

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7
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (Structure)

A

System of interconnected membrane-forming canals and tubules. Two types, agranular and granular.

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8
Q

Agranular (Smooth) ER (Function)

A

Metabolizes nonpolar compounds and stores Ca2+ in striated muscle cells

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9
Q

Granular (Rough) ER (Function)

A

Assists in protein synthesis

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10
Q

Ribosomes (Structure)

A

Granule particles composed of protein and RNA

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11
Q

Ribosomes (Function)

A

Synthesize proteins

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12
Q

Golgi Complex (Structure)

A

Cluster of flattened membranous sacs

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13
Q

Golgi Complex (Function)

A

Synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules for secretion, secretes lipids and glycoproteins

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14
Q

Mitochondria (Structure)

A

Membranous sacs with fold inner partitions

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15
Q

Mitochondria (Function)

A

Release energy from food molecules and transform energy into usable ATP

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16
Q

Lysosomes (Structure)

A

Membraneous sacs

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17
Q

Lysosomes (Function)

A

Digest foreign molecules and worn and damaged organelles

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18
Q

Peroxisomes (Structure)

A

Spherical membranous vesicles

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19
Q

Peroxisomes (Function)

A

Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful molecules and break own hydrogen peroxide

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20
Q

Centrosome (Structure)

A

Non-membranous mass of two rodlike centrioles

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21
Q

Centrosome (Function)

A

Helps to organize spindle fibers and distribute chromosomes during mitosis

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22
Q

Vacuoles (Structure)

A

Membranous sacs

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23
Q

Vacuoles (Function)

A

Store and release various substances within the cytoplasm

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24
Q

Microfilaments and Microtubules (Structure)

A

Thin, hollow tubes

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25
Q

Microfilaments and Microtubules (Function)

A

Support cytoplasm and transport materials within the cytoplasm

26
Q

Cilia and Flagella (Structure)

A

Minute cytoplasmic projections that extend from the cell surface

27
Q

Cilia and Flagella (Function)

A

Move particles along cell surface or move the cell

28
Q

Nuclear Envelope (Structure)

A

Double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus, composed of protein and lipid molecules

29
Q

Nuclear Envelope (Function)

A

Supports nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm

30
Q

Nucleolus (Structure)

A

Dense non-membranous mass composed of protein and RNA molecules

31
Q

Nucleolus (Function)

A

Produces ribosomal RNA for ribosomes

32
Q

Chromatin (Structure)

A

Fibrous strands composed of protein and DNA

33
Q

Chromatin (Function)

A

Contains genetic code that determines which proteins (Including enzymes) will be manufactured by the cell (Aka, DNA)

34
Q

Condensed Chromatin

A

Where nucleosomes are compacted and thus unusable

35
Q

Euchromatin

A

Activated chromatin

36
Q

Acetylation of Chromatin

A

Produces a more open structure, activating it

37
Q

Deacetylation of Chromatin

A

Causes compaction of chromatin, silencing genetic transcription

38
Q

The Cells Three Principle Parts

A
  1. ) Plasma (cell) membrane
  2. ) Cytoplasm and Organelles
  3. ) Nucleus
39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The latticework of microfilaments and microtubules

40
Q

RNA Interference

A
  • RNA interferes in two ways to stop translation
  • RNA molecules that don’t code for proteins may prevent some mRNA molecules from being translated.
  • The expression of at least 30% of genes is regulated in this way.
41
Q

siRNA

A

Short interfering

  • siRNA helps to stop RNA viruses or long hairpins
  • RNA is usually single stranded in our body. If our body recognizes two stranded RNA it tries to take it apart
  • Uses the double strand RNA’s against itself
  • si comes from viruses, mi comes from our own RNA
  • Combines with proteins to form RISC which pairs with and leaves mRNA, leading to degradation
42
Q

miRNA

A

Micro interfering

  • miRNA is to prevent translation of your own RNA/DNA, stopping protein synthesis
  • mi comes from our own RNA, si comes from viruses
43
Q

RISC

A

RNA induced slicing complex. miRNA combined with a protein

Pairs with mRNA to prevent transcription

44
Q

Dicer

A

Removes the terminal loop in miRNA creation, and cleaves double stranded RNA to produce siRNA

45
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Will read free floating mRNA to create proteins
  • The books states that the entire protein, signal included, goes into the ER, when it does not. The signal stays in the ER membrane
46
Q

Ubiquitin

A
  • A unique protein that signals destruction.

- Proteasome will not break down the protein unless something is tagged by ubiquitin

47
Q

DNA Helicase

A
  • Unwinds the DNA, so it looks like a ladder, then it is going to split it apart
  • End up with two single strands of DNA
48
Q

Single Stranded DNA

A

Abnormal, the body will think it is a virus

49
Q

Single Stranded binding proteins (SSB’s)

A

Protects single stranded DNA, stabilizing them and protecting them against degradation

50
Q

Primase

A

Builds an RNA primer

  • RNA primer will provide a Free 3’OH (Free prime hydroxyl group)
  • DNA Pol III
  • Starting point
  • DNA Pol III is going to build DNA from this RNA primer, that begins the process of replication
51
Q

The Cell Cycle

A

Two main phases:

  1. ) Interphase (90% of the cell cycle. Normal growth and function)
  2. ) Mitotic Phase
52
Q

Interphase

A

“G” - stands for growth
G1 - Centrioles replicate
S - Synthesis, DNA replication
G2 - Making more organelles. By this point it has doubled in size to prepare for mitosis

53
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

54
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear envelope disappears, DNA condenses, mitotic spindles builds and moves to opposite sides

55
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle (Meta = middle)

56
Q

Anaphase

A

(ana = separation)

57
Q

Telophase

A

Opposite of prophase. Nuclear envelope reforms, DNA decondense, spindles break down
Cytokinesis

58
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Separation into two separate cells

59
Q

Cell Cycle Regulation

A

Check points in the Cell cycle, ensuring that things are done properly
i.e. - G1 —> S: Start Checkpoint. If it passes, it must start replicating DNA and go through mitosis

60
Q

Kinase

A

Important checkpoint molecule

  • Adds phosphate groups to proteins.
  • Adding these groups either turn proteins off or on.
  • Kinase adds theses on/off switches
61
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death due to injury or damage (i.e. falling)
- After damage, cell swells then bursts
- This is why the area around the cuts and bruises turn red and feel hot
Turns on an immune response, resulting in inflammation

62
Q

Apoptosis

A 
Controlled cell death
Go through specific changes:
- Cell shrinkage
- Cytoskeletal collapse
- Nucleus disassembles
- Chromatin condenses
- Cell-Curface Blebbing
- The formation of lobes that slowly break off and are eaten by phagocytes
- Phagocytes eat old cells and pathogens

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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