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Human Physiology > Ch. 2 Chemistry Macromolecules > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Chemistry Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Organic Molecules

A
  • Contain carbon and hydrogen

- Four Classes: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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2
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Same chemical formula, different spatial arrangement

a. Cis-trans isomers – geometric isomers
b. Enantiomers (optical isomers) = mirror images; rotate right (D) or left (L)

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3
Q

Functional Group

A

More reactive groups of atoms compared to the backbone of the hydrocarbon ring

  • Usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, or sulfur
  • Largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule
  • Classes of organic molecules can be named according to their functional group
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4
Q

Hydrocarbon Ring/Chain

A

Relatively inactive molecular “backbone” to which more reactive groups are attached.
A bunch of C’s and H’s connected via single or double covalent bonds.

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5
Q

Organic Acids

A
  • All contain a carboxyl group (COOH)
  • It is an acid because it can donate its proton (H+) to the solution.
  • Ionized organic acid is designated with the suffix “-ate”
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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  1. C:H:O in 1:2:1 ratio
  2. Major energy source
  3. Sugars and starches (“-ose”)
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7
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose = C6H12O6

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8
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides together

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9
Q

Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation)

A

How monosaccharides are bonded together covalently.
i.e.
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose + Water
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + Water

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10
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A digestion reaction, breaking covalent bonds in disaccharides and polysaccharides for use.

  • Reverse of dehydration synthesis
  • Breaking covalent bonds
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11
Q

Lipids

A
  1. Non-polar and hydrophobic

2. Functions: energy storage, cushioning, membrane function, hormone regulation

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12
Q

Lipid Classes

A

Triacylglycerols, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins

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13
Q

Triacylglycerols

A
  1. Fats (solids) and oils (liquids)
  2. Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
    a) No double bonds = saturated
    b) Double bonds = unsaturated
  3. Aka neutral fats in adipose tissue
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14
Q

Ketone Bodies

A

Free fatty acids from adipose converted into ketone bodies by liver

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15
Q

Ketosis

A

Elevated ketone levels due to strict low- carbohydrate diets and uncontrolled diabetes
- If ketone levels high enough to lower blood pH = ketoacidosiscoma and death

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16
Q

Phospholipids

A
  1. Polar lipids containing a
    phosphate group
  2. Important in cell membrane bilayers
  3. Can form micelles in water
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17
Q

Steroids

A

3 six-carbon rings + 1 five- carbon ring + different functional groups

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18
Q

Cholesterol (as an ex. of a steroid)

A

a) precursor to steroid hormones produced by gonads and adrenal cortex
b) Important part of cell membrane
c) Precursor to bile salts and vitamin D3

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19
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  1. Type of fatty acid with a cyclic hydrocarbon group
  2. Serve as communication molecules between cells in the same organ
  3. Help regulate blood vessel diameter,
    ovulation, uterine contractions, inflammatory reactions, blood clotting, etc.
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20
Q

Protein Functions

A

Structural, enzymes, antibodies, receptors, carriers

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21
Q

Structural (Proteins)

A

Collagen fibers in connective tissues; keratin in skin

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22
Q

Enzyme (Proteins)

A

Assist every chemical process in the body

23
Q

Antibodies (Proteins)

A

Part of the immune system

24
Q

Receptors (Proteins)

A

Receive communication from other

cells for regulation of cell activity

25
Q

Carriers (Proteins)

A

Across cell membranes or in blood

26
Q

Proteins

A

Long chains of subunits called amino acids, bonded together through covalent and peptide bonds.

27
Q

Amino Acids

A
  • Consists of an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH)
  • 20 different amino acids, each with distinct structures and chemical properties used to build proteins
28
Q

Functional Groups (Amino Acids)

A

The differences between amino acids

29
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

The bonds between two adjacent amino acids, forming peptides.

30
Q

Polypeptide

A

Numerous amino acids bonded together

31
Q

Tripeptide

A

Three amino acids bonded together

32
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids bonded together

33
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

The sequence of amino acids in a particular protein

  • Aka polypeptide strands.
  • The sequence comes from ones genes
34
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

(Basically, the double Helix)
The shape of polypeptide bonds due to weak hydrogen bonds.
Two Shapes: alpha helix; beta pleated sheet

35
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

The three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain after it has folded up on itself.
Formed and stabilized by weak chemical interaction between the functional group

36
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

Several polypeptide chains covalently bonded together.

37
Q

Denaturation of Proteins

A

Changes in the tertiary structure of proteins. Retain primary structure, but have altered chemical properties.

38
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Macromolecules include DNA and RNA.

39
Q

Nucleotides

A

Subunits of nucleic acids.

Composed of a five-cabron (pentose) sugar with a phosphate group on one side and a nitrogenous base on the other.

40
Q

Polynucleotide Chain

A

Nucleotides bonded together in dehydration synthesis.

41
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A

Nitrogen-containing molecules of two kinds: pyrimidines and purines

42
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A

Basis for genetic code. Extremely long, but relatively simple compared to other molecules and proteins.

43
Q

Purines (Nitrogenous Base)

A

Double ring of carbon and nitrogen. Bases include guanine and adenine.

44
Q

Pyrimidines (Nitrogenous Base)

A

Single ring of carbon and nitrogen. Bases include cytosine and thymine

45
Q

DNA Nucleotides

A

Purines: guanine and adenine
Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine

46
Q

Law of Complementary Base Pairing

A

Adenine can pair only with thymine (through TWO hydrogen bonds), whereas guanine can pair only with cytosine (through THREE hydrogen bonds).

47
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A

Long chains of nucleotides, joined together by sugar-phosphate bonds.

48
Q

DNA and RNA differences

A
  1. ) RNA contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
  2. ) RNA contains uracil instead of thymine
  3. ) RNA is single stranded instead of double
49
Q

Three types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA. They are all made within the cell nucleus using DNA information.

50
Q

Other important RNA-related molecules

A

ATP, GTP, cAMP, NAD & FAD

51
Q

Monomers of Proteins

A

Amino acids (20 different ones)

52
Q

Monomers of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides (Saccharine = sugar, mono = one…. One Sugar)
i.e. - Glucose, fructose, galactose

53
Q

Monomers of Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides

Contains: Phosphate group, pentose (Ribose and deoxyribos), addenine, guanine, thymine, cyosine, uracil

54
Q

Monomers of Lipids

A

They have monomers, but there are a ton. Typically what you talk about are triglycerides

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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