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Abeka Physical Science > Test 1 Review (Chapters 1-2) > Flashcards

Test 1 Review (Chapters 1-2) Flashcards

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1
Q

language of science

A

Mathematics

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2
Q

a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal

A

equation

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3
Q

What simplified method is used to express very large or very small numbers

A

scientific notation

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4
Q

the places that are certain, along with the one uncertain place

A

significant digits

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5
Q

Why is mathematics sometimes called the “language of science”?

A

because scientists use it to describe the universe

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6
Q

What is the most important part of an equation?

A

the equal sign

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7
Q

What is a scientific equation?

A

an equation that represents actual physical relationships and should be understood as such

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8
Q

What term refers to how closely a measurement matches the actual value?

A

accuracy

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9
Q

What term refers to how close several measurements are to each other?

A

precision

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10
Q

What term refers to the decimal places in a measurement that have physical meaning?

A

significant digits

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11
Q

a collection of compatible, related units that can be used to measure such quantities as length, mass, weight, or volume

A

system of measurement

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12
Q

one of the earliest units of measurement; originally based on the length of a person’s arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger

A

cubit

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13
Q

a specific measure to which other measures are compared to ensure uniformity

A

standard of measure

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14
Q

kilo-

A

1000

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15
Q

the coldest possible temperature

A

absolute zero

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16
Q

the technique used to convert a measurement in one unit into a different unit without changing the value of the measurement.

A

dimensional analysis

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17
Q

Why must measured data include units?

A

units make the data meaningful

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18
Q

What is the name of the standard system of measurement universally used and accepted by scientists?

A

SI (International System of Units)

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19
Q

SI base units of length

A

meter

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20
Q

What temperature scale is used in most nations of the world?

A

Celsius

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21
Q

What absolute temperature scale is used by scientists?

A

Kelvin scale

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22
Q

What is absolute zero on the Celsius scale?

A

-273.15º

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23
Q

SI base units of mass

A

kilogram

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24
Q

SI base units of time

A

second

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25
Q

Formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit

A
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26
Q

Formula for converting Fahrenheit to Celsius

A
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27
Q

Formula for converting Celsius to Kelvin

A
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28
Q

Formula for converting Kelvin to Celsius

A
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29
Q

SI base units of volume

A

liter

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30
Q

system of measurement commonly used in the United States today?

A

F.P.S. (foot-pound-second) system or English system

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31
Q

freezing point of water on the Kelvin scale

A

273.15 K

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32
Q

Where and when was the SI unit developed?

A

France, early 1790s

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33
Q

boiling point of water on the Kelvin scale

A

373.15 K

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34
Q

Define specific gravity

A

ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard

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35
Q

formula for specific gravity

A
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36
Q

formula for density of an object

A
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37
Q

formula for volume of an irregularly shaped object

A
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38
Q

What are the three methods that can be used to find the volume of a solid

A

geometric formulas are used for simple shapes; technique of fluid displacement can be used for irregularly shaped solids; direct measurement using a container with volume markings

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39
Q

What is the mass in a certain volume

A

density

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40
Q

What symbol do scientist use to represent density in equations?

A

ρ

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41
Q

The wavelength of a wave (λ) equals the wave velocity (ν) divided by the frequency (f). What type of proportional relationships exists between wavelength and frequency?

A

inverse

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42
Q

science

A

the study of the matter and movement of God’s physical creation

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43
Q

Observing may include

A

careful measurement, organization of information (data), and extensive research into the observation of other scientists

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44
Q

What are the three major steps of the Scientific method?

A

observing, hypothesizing, and experimenting

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45
Q

observing

A

gathering data by looking closely at nature

46
Q

hypothesis

A

speculating about nature and forming general principles to explain it.

47
Q

experiment

A

an artificial situation that more clearly shows how things happen.

48
Q

prediction

A

a specific suggestion about the outcome of a particular process or the effect of a particular cause.

49
Q

To be scientific, a hypothesis must be

A

falsifiable

50
Q

falsifiable

A

the hypothesis can be proven false

51
Q

repeatablilty

A

a scientist will obtain consistent results if he performs the same experiment many times, keeping all factors as similar as possible between experiments

52
Q

reproducibility

A

the ability of other scientists to reach the same conclusion by performing the same experiment under different conditions and by performing other experiments to test the same hypothesis

53
Q

variables

A

factors that the experimenter can potentially control to test his hypothesis.

54
Q

three types of variables

A

dependent variable, independent variable, controlled variable

55
Q

dependent variable

A

a factor that is observed or measured to determine the results of an experiment; every experiment must have at least one.

56
Q

independent variable

A

the factor that is changed to test the hypothesis; this factor comes from the hypothesis itself or from a prediction based on the hypothesis

57
Q

controlled variables

A

factors that are the same in all groups.

58
Q

experimental groups

A

the groups in an experiment on which a test is performed

59
Q

control group

A

a group in which the independent variable is absent.

60
Q

What must be true for a hypothesis to become a theory

A

pass the test of many experiments and have the support of other scientists

61
Q

principle of causality

A

the universe is lawful, orderly, and operates according to physical laws

62
Q

scientific law

A

a theory verified by enough observations and experiments and stands the test of time

63
Q

The scope of science is limited to

A

the study of created matter and energy in the present.

64
Q

Why does bias exist?

A

human nature often leads one to see and believe what he wants to be true, not necessarily what actually is true.

65
Q

What are the limitations of science?

A

scope of science, assumptions in science, bias in science, approximations in science

66
Q

List the two main reasons for people to study Science

A

lead man to glorify God, to use scientific knowledge for man’s benefit.

67
Q

logic

A

the study of reasoning

68
Q

inference

A

a conclusion based on reasoning from evidence

69
Q

two main branches of logic

A

deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning

70
Q

deductive reasoning

A

uses general evidence to make a specific inference

71
Q

inductive reasoining

A

uses specific evidence to make a broader inference

72
Q

proposition

A

a statement of fact

73
Q

hypothetical proposition

A

an if/then statement

74
Q

Name the two parts of a hypothetical proposition

A

antecedent, consequent

75
Q

antecedent

A

a condition; the “if” part of the proposition

76
Q

consequent

A

the conclusion; the “then” part of the propsition

77
Q

How is a “chain” of hypothetical propositions put together?

A

the consequent of the first proposition is the antecedent of the second proposition

78
Q

What form of inference is mad e if we know that the antecedent is true?

A

affirming the antecedent, the consequent must also be true

79
Q

If we know the consequent is false, what form if interference can we make?

A

denying the consequent

80
Q

What is the ultimate purpose of inductive reasoning?

A

determining cause and effect

81
Q

What is the simplest way to determine a cause through inductive reasoning?

A

method of difference

82
Q

What method can be used when we cannot completely remove an opjects weight or temperature?

A

method of concomitant variation

83
Q

What are two things to be aware of with the method of concomitant variation

A

this method by itself does not allow us to know which factor is the cause and which is the effect; it requires all other factors to be the same

84
Q

An argument is considered valid if

A

the inference logically follows from the premisis

85
Q

premises

A

the propositions on which the conclusion is based

86
Q

fallacies

A

reasoning errors

87
Q

denying the antecedent

A

the fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the antecedent is false

88
Q

confirming the consequent

A

the fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the consequent is true

89
Q

circular reasoning

A

the conclusion does logically follow from its premises; but one of hte premises includes the assumption that the conclusion is true.

90
Q

post hoc

A

when one assumes that a change in one factor caused a change in another factor, just because the second change occured after the first

91
Q

equivocation

A

a term is misleadingly used with different meanings in a single argument

92
Q

ad hominem fallacy

A

when someone attacks the person making an argument instead of challenging the person’s facts

93
Q

argument from authority

A

a argument is based on the support of someone considered an authority instead of being based on facts and sound reason

94
Q

technology

A

the use of science to solve practical problems

95
Q

engineering

A

the development of technology

96
Q

What are the three main components of the engineering design process?

A

defining the problem, designing a solution, and evaluating the solution

97
Q

defining the problem

A

choosing criteria and constraints based on the function and limitations

98
Q

designing a solution

A

researching how others have solved similar problems and making a detailed plan

99
Q

evaluating the solution

A

determining whether the design meets the criteria and constraints by building and testing a prototype

100
Q

criteria

A

minimum characteristics that a design must have to function at all

101
Q

constraints

A

any characteristics (other than the criteria) required to solve the problem

102
Q

When choosing constraints, it is often necessary to consider

A

the safety of the design and the acceptance of the design by users and society

103
Q

tradeoff

A

giving up a characteristic that is less important for a characteristic that is more important

104
Q

prototype

A

a model of the design (or some part of the design)

105
Q

Physical science

A

The study of nonliving creation other than the earth and space

106
Q

Matter

A

the substance of the physical world

107
Q

Inertia

A

the property of matter that makes it resist changes in motion

108
Q

force

A

a push or pull

109
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

110
Q

Physical properties

A

properties that don’t change the matter’s substance

111
Q

physical change

A

changes that don’t change the matter

112
Q

Mass

A

the amount of matter in an object

Abeka Physical Science (13 decks)

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