1.2 Scientific Reasoning

Question 1

logic

Answer 1

the study of reasoning

Question 2

inference

Answer 2

a conclusion based on reasoning from evidence

Question 3

two main branches of logic

Answer 3

deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning

Question 4

deductive reasoning

Answer 4

uses general evidence to make a specific inference

Question 5

inductive reasoining

Answer 5

uses specific evidence to make a broader inference

Question 6

proposition

Answer 6

a statement of fact

Question 7

hypothetical proposition

Answer 7

an if/then statement

Question 8

Name the two parts of a hypothetical proposition

Answer 8

antecedent, consequent

Question 9

antecedent

Answer 9

a condition; the “if” part of the proposition

Question 10

consequent

Answer 10

the conclusion; the “then” part of the propsition

Question 11

How is a “chain” of hypothetical propositions put together?

Answer 11

the consequent of the first proposition is the antecedent of the second proposition

Question 12

What form of inference is mad e if we know that the antecedent is true?

Answer 12

affirming the antecedent, the consequent must also be true

Question 13

If we know the consequent is false, what form if interference can we make?

Answer 13

denying the consequent

Question 14

What is the ultimate purpose of inductive reasoning?

Answer 14

determining cause and effect

Question 15

What is the simplest way to determine a cause through inductive reasoning?

Answer 15

method of difference

Question 16

What method can be used when we cannot completely remove an opjects weight or temperature?

Answer 16

method of concomitant variation

Question 17

What are two things to be aware of with the method of concomitant variation

Answer 17

this method by itself does not allow us to know which factor is the cause and which is the effect; it requires all other factors to be the same

Question 18

An argument is considered valid if

Answer 18

the inference logically follows from the premisis

Question 19

premises

Answer 19

the propositions on which the conclusion is based

Question 20

fallacies

Answer 20

reasoning errors

Question 21

denying the antecedent

Answer 21

the fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the antecedent is false

Question 22

confirming the consequent

Answer 22

the fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the consequent is true

Question 23

circular reasoning

Answer 23

the conclusion does logically follow from its premises; but one of hte premises includes the assumption that the conclusion is true.

Question 24

post hoc

Answer 24

when one assumes that a change in one factor caused a change in another factor, just because the second change occured after the first

Question 25

equivocation

Answer 25

a term is misleadingly used with different meanings in a single argument

Question 26

ad hominem fallacy

Answer 26

when someone attacks the person making an argument instead of challenging the person’s facts

Question 27

argument from authority

Answer 27

a argument is based on the support of someone considered an authority instead of being based on facts and sound reason