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Photovoltaic Systems > Test 1 PV test > Flashcards

Test 1 PV test Flashcards

1
Q

Photovoltaics is a solar energy technology that uses unique properties of semiconductors to directly convert solar radiation into electricity.

A

true

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2
Q

The majority of the regulations governing electrical system integration are found in the National Electrcial Code.

A

True

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3
Q

A PWM charge controller pulses the full charge current and varies the width of the pulses to regulate the amount of charge current.

A

True

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4
Q

A micro-hydroelectric turbine is a device that produces electricity from the flow and pressure of water.

A

True

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5
Q

Qualifying-facility agreements are intended for small interconnected PV systems.

A

False

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6
Q

Charging is the process of a cell or battery converting chemical energy to electrical energy and delivering current.

A

False

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7
Q

Sulfation increases the electrolyte concentration and the available active material, and therefore the capacity of the cell.

A

False

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8
Q

Supplemental-power PV systems offset a portion of the power needed from the utility, resulting in lower electricity bills.

A

True

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9
Q

Ground-mounted arrays generally offer less flexibility than building-mounted arrays in the location and orientation of arrays.

A

False

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10
Q

The voltage between battery terminals is highest at the beginning of a descharge cycle and gradually falls.

A

True

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11
Q

Equipment grounding is not required for all PV systems.

A

False

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12
Q

Short-circuit current is associated with zero load resistance and open-circuit voltage is associated with infinite load resistance.

A

true

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13
Q

overcurrent protection devices are classified by how quickly they acivate.

A

True

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14
Q

Diesel engines are well suited for constant loads, whereas gasoline engines can respond quickly to changing loads.

A

True

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15
Q

An n-type semiconductor is a semiconductor that has electron voids.

A

false

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16
Q

materials, equipment, designs, or installation practices for PV systems are independent of environmental conditions.

A

False

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17
Q

All current-carrying conductors in the PV output circuit must have disconnect provisions, including the grounded conductor.

A

True

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18
Q

Energy storage systems are characterized by the form of energy they store and how the energy is utilized or converted into other forms.

A

True

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19
Q

A disconnect must by manually operable and may be either a switch or a circuit breaker.

A

True

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20
Q

Most residential and commercial loads are DC loads.

A

False

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21
Q

Lead-acid batteries are the most common type of batteries used in PV systems.

A

True

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22
Q

Spanning is used with lag screws.

A

False

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23
Q

Numerous not-for-profit organizations work to promote and further the PV industry, including organizations involved in research, marketing, installer training, and standards development.

A

True

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24
Q

A flat-plate collector can utilize any solar radiation, direct or reflected, that strikes its surface.

A

True

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25
Q

Since rack mounts use an open, trusslike structure, air can circulate freely around the modules and keep them cool.

A

True

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26
Q

A distributed-generation system may serve as the only source of power for a consumer, or as back-up or supplemental power for a utility grid connection.

A

True

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27
Q

A blocking diode is a diode used to pass current around, rather than through, a group of PV cells or modules.

A

False

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28
Q

All Utility-interactive inverters must be able to detect power outages and discontinue transfer of power until the utility system returns to normal operation.

A

True

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29
Q

Most utility electrical power is produced by rotating generators that are mechanically driven.

A

True

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30
Q

Interactive inverters act like a voltage source, while generators act like a current cource.

A

False

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31
Q

A diversionary charge controller is a charge controller that regulates charging current to a battery system by diverting excess power to an auxiliary load.

A

true

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32
Q

PV power plants can be located closer to populated areas than can conventional power plants because they do not involve hazardous materials or cause air, water, or noise pollution.

A

True

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33
Q

The photographic method of shading analysis compares a panoramic photo of the potential obstructions to a sun path diagram.

A

True

34
Q

Liability insurance is required by most utilities that have interconnection standards.

A

True

35
Q

Modules mounted directly on the roof surface increase the heat transfer into a building.

A

True

36
Q

Lead-calcium batteries experience less gassing and lower self-discharge rates than lead-antimony batteries.

A

True

37
Q

Air mass depends upon the time of day, the time of year, and the altitude and latitude of the specified location.

A

True

38
Q

Breakdown voltage is the minimum reverse-bias voltage that results in a rapid increase in current through an electronic device.

A

True

39
Q

Shading on solar thermal collectors reduces performance by an amount proportional to the level of shading.

A

True

40
Q

The two major types of radiation reaching the ground are direct radiation and diffuse radiation.

A

True

41
Q

Direct radiation is radiation that is scattered by the atmosphere and clouds.

A

False

42
Q

Short circuit voltage is the maximum voltage on an I-V curve.

A

False

43
Q

Some amount of series resistance in a PV system is unavoidable because all conductors and connectors have some resistance.

A

True

44
Q

Three-phase inverter output can be achieved by using three smaller inverters and connecting each inverter to a different phase.

A

True

45
Q

The array azimuth angle is the vertical angle between horizontal and the array surface

A

False

46
Q

A photoelectrochemical cell uses semiconductors to produce electricity from light.

A

False

47
Q

Solar radiation is a highly variable resource and significant differences exist among regions in the United States.

A

True

48
Q

Multistage charge controllers with an absorption charge cycle will also include a float charge setpoint, which is a slightly lower voltage than the voltage regulation setpoint.

A

True

49
Q

A secondary battery is a battery that can store and deliver electrical energy but cannot be recharged.

A

False

50
Q

A hybrid system is a PV system that can operate in either utility-interactive or stand-alone mode, and uses battery storage.

A

False

51
Q

In the United States, the technical requirements for PV systems are established through national codes and standards publish by _____.

A

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Underwriters Laboratories (UL), and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).

52
Q

Solar radiation is _____ by components of the atmosphere, including ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, as well as other gases and particles.

A

absorbed, scattered, and reflected

53
Q

A _____ is a rod, plate, or structure that establishes a connection with the earth.

A

grounding electrode

54
Q

A _____ battery is a battery that uses a combination of plate designs to maximize the desirable characteristics.

A

hybrid

55
Q

A(n) _____ is a visit to the installation site to assess the site conditions and establish the needs and requirements for the system.

A

site survey

56
Q

Portable PV systems power mobile loads such as ______.

A

vehicles, temporary signs, lighting, and handheld devices.

57
Q

A(n) ______ turbine is a device that compresses and burns a fuel-air mixture, which expands and spins a turbine.

A

gas

58
Q

_____ is the point in the sky directly overhead a particular location.

A

Zenith

59
Q

A(n) _____ is a company that produces and/or distributes electricity from its central generation point to the consumer.

A

utility

60
Q

_____ is the current that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.

A

Ampacity

61
Q

A(n) _____ is Earth’s orbital position when solar declination is at its minimum or maximum.

A

solstice

62
Q

_____ is the amount of time a fully charged battery system can supply power to system loads without further charging.

A

Autonomy

63
Q

A(n) _____ mount is an array mounting system that automatically orients the array to the position of the sun.

A

sun-tracking

64
Q

_____ energy is expected to compose an increasingly larger portion of energy production.

A

Renewable

65
Q

_____ is the angle between the direction a compass needle points (towards magnetic north) and true geographic north.

A

Magnetic declination

66
Q

The service conductors in a supply-side connection must be sized for at least ____% of the continuous load current, based on the PV system inverter maximum current output rating.

A

125

67
Q

A battery _____ is a group of batteries connected together with series and parallel connections to provide a specific voltage and capacity.

A

bank

68
Q

A _____ load is a dynamic structural load due to periodic motion.

A

vibration

69
Q

Positioning windows to face _____ allows maximum sunlight and heat into the building.

A

south

70
Q

A(n) _____ is a collection of cells that are contained in the same case and connected together electrically to produce a desired voltage.

A

battery

71
Q

_____ is the ratio of the increase in battery charge to the amount of charge supplied to the battery.

A

Charge acceptance

72
Q

Distributed-generation systems can include _____.

A

PV systems, wind turbines, and engine generators

73
Q

_____ circuit breakers are circuit breakers on the load side of the main service disconnect that supple PV power to the busbar.

A

Back-feed

74
Q

A PV system that operates in parallel with and is connected to the electric utility grid is called a(n) _____ PV system.

A

utility-interactive, grid-connected, and interactive

75
Q

A _____ cell is an electrochemical device that uses hydrogen and oxygen to produce DC electricity, with water and heat as byproducts.

A

fuel

76
Q

A(n) _____ is a collection of information about a facility’s or customer’s energy use.

A

energy audit

77
Q

The _____ is the percentage of energy remaining in a battery compared to the fully charged capacity.

A

state of charge

78
Q

_____ store energy in an electrical field developed by two oppositely charged parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric (insulating) material.

A

Capacitors

79
Q

A(n) ____ switch allows an electrical system to be switched from a primary power source to an alternate power source in order to keep critical loads operating.

A

transfer

80
Q

A(n) _____ is a device that converts DC power into AC power.

A

inverter

Photovoltaic Systems (19 decks)

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