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Photovoltaic Systems > Photovoltaic Systems 2 Test > Flashcards

Photovoltaic Systems 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

A distributed-generation system may serve as the only source of power for a consumer, or as back-up or supplemental power for a utility grid connection

A

True

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2
Q

Portable PV systems can never be used while in motion

A

False

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3
Q

Supplemental-power pv systems offset a portion of the power needed from the utility, resulting in lower electricity bills.

A

True`

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4
Q

PV power plants can be located closer to populated areas than can conventional power plants because they do not involve hazardous materials or cause air, water, or noise pollution.

A

True

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5
Q

Solar radiation is a highly variable resource and significant differences exist among regions in the United States.

A

True

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6
Q

It is never advantageous to face an array in a direction other than due south.

A

False

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7
Q

Diesel engines are well suited for constant loads, whereas gasoline engines can respond quickly to changing loads.

A

True

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8
Q

Direct-coupled systems include the fewest components, but can be the most complex PV systems to design properly due to the lack of energy storage or system control.

A

True

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9
Q

A hybrid system is a PV system that can operate in either utility-interactive or stand-alone mode, and uses battery storage.

A

False

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10
Q

For most PV devices, a high operating temperature significantly increases voltage.

A

false

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11
Q

The maximum number of modules that may be connected in a series string is limited, in part, by the maximum system voltage rating of the modules and other components.

A

true

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12
Q

Breakdown voltage is the minimum reverse-bias voltage that results in a rapid increase in current through an electronic device.

A

true

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13
Q

Overcharge is the ratio of applied charge to the resulting increase in battery charge.

A

true

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14
Q

A PV system can be configured to charge multiple separate battery banks with a single array.

A

true

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15
Q

A reactive load is a load that keeps voltage and current waveforms in phase.

A

false

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16
Q

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a method of simulating waveforms by switching series device ON and OFF at high frequency and for variable lengths of time.

A

True

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17
Q

Interconnection standards require interactive inverters to maintain an output power factor between 0.95 leading and 0.95 lagging.

A

True

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18
Q

Hybrid-system sizing calculations must use the worst-case load-to-insolation months for sizing.

A

False

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19
Q

Ground-mounted arrays generally offer less flexibility than building-mounted arrays in the locations and orientation of arrays.

A

False

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20
Q

Single-axis tracking mounts follow the sun exactly as it moves across the sky.

A

False

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21
Q

Ground foundations for rack mounts typically include concrete footers.

A

True

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22
Q

A blocking diode is a diode used to pass current around, rather than through, a group of PV cells or modules.

A

False

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23
Q

All utility-interactive inverters must be able to detect power outages and discontinue transfer of power until the utility system returns to normal operation.

A

True

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24
Q

Every state has established rules regarding interconnection and metering.

A

False

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25
Q

The CE Mark indicates compliance with North American safety standards or installation codes.

A

False

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26
Q

A maintenance log is a checklist of all required regular maintenance tasks and their maximum intervals.

A

False

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27
Q

Incentive programs are intended to be long-term efforts promoting renewable-energy systems.

A

False

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28
Q

Life-cycle cost for PV systems is typically evaluated using a 5 to 10-year period.

A

False

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29
Q

The life-cycle cost for any energy system is the sum of the present values of the various types of cost over its expected lifetime, minus the present value of the system at the end of its lifetime.

A

True

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30
Q

Incentives can affect total life-cycle cost differently depending on how and when they are applied.

A

True

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31
Q

Portable PV systems power mobile loads such as ____.

A

vehicles, temporary signs, lighting, and handheld devices.

32
Q

Solar _____ is the total amount of solar energy accumulated on an area over time.

A

irradiation

33
Q

_____ is the angle between the direction a compass needle points (toward magnetic north) and true geographic north.

A

Magnetic declination

34
Q

The DC power output of an array during low insolation should provide about ____% of the minimum AC power requirement.

A

130

35
Q

A(n) _____ is a device that converts DC power into AC power.

A

inverter

36
Q

The voltage and current output from an array can vary with _____.

A

temperature, irradiance, and load.

37
Q

A(n) ____ switch allows an electrical system to be switched from a primary power source to an alternate power source in order to keep critical loads operating.

A

transfer

38
Q

A (n) _____ is a PV device consisting of a number of individual cells connected electrically, laminated, encapsulated, and packaged into a frame.

A

module

39
Q

_____charging is battery charging at a low charge rate that maintains full battery charge by counteracting self-discharge.

A

Float

40
Q

_____ is a condition of flooded lead-acid cells in which the specific gravity of the electrolyte is greater at the bottom than the top.

A

Stratification

41
Q

_____affects battery charging characteristics, so some charge controllers automatically adjust setpoints to compensate for this factor.

A

Temperature

42
Q

A(n) _____ is a device that transfers energy from one circuit to another through magnetic coupling.

A

Transformer

43
Q

Installed nominal operating cell temperature (INOCT) for ____-mounted modules is the highest among building mounting systems.

A

direct

44
Q

A(n) _____ photovoltaic array is a fixed array that replaces conventional building materials with specially designed modules that also performs an architectural function.

A

building-integrated

45
Q

A _____ mount is a type of array mounting system where modules are installed at an elevation on a pedestal.

A

pole

46
Q

A(n) —– mount is an array mounting system that automatically orients the array to the position of the sun.

A

sun-tracking

47
Q

A(n) _____-bolt is a fastener that hooks around a secure support structure and has a threaded end that is used with a nut to secure items.

A

J

48
Q

Improper electrical integration can cause _____.

A

poor performance, component damage, and electrical shock hazards.

49
Q

For PV source circuits, the maximum current is ____% of the sum of the short-circuit current rating of parallel-connected modules.

A

125

50
Q

A _____ box is a junction box used as the connection point for two or more circuits.

A

combiner

51
Q

A(n) _____ agreement is a contract between a distributed power producer and an electric utility that establishes the terms and condition for the interconnection.

A

interconnection

52
Q

In some jurisdictions, _____ are allowed to aply for permits and act as their own contractor without having a license.

A

property owners

53
Q

A(n) _____ is permission from the AHJ that authorizes construction work to begin and establishes the inspection requirements, but does not represent an approval of compliance with codes and standards.

A

permit

54
Q

A(n) _____ is an evaluation of system design documentation as part of the permitting process.

A

plans review

55
Q

The electrolyte in flooded, open-vent batteries must be maintained at proper levels by periodically adding _____.

A

water

56
Q

_____ is the continuous measurement of electrical, environmental, or battery parameters.

A

Monitoring

57
Q

_____ is a troubleshooting step that involves determining which part of the system is not working properly and observing the conditions that may have contributed to the cause.

A

Observation

58
Q

The _____ is the monetary value of a system at the end of its expected useful lifetime.

A

Salvage value

59
Q

The most significant costs in the life cycle of a PV system are the ____ costs.

A

initial

60
Q

The _____ period is the amount of time required for the avoided costs from an alternate energy source to match the cost of the chosen energy-production system.

A

payback

61
Q

A(n) _____ may be directly employed by an integrator, or by an electrical contractor who specializes in PV installations.

A

installer

62
Q

Solar _____ is the angle between the equatorial plane and the line joining the centers of the sun and Earth (in the ecliptic plane).

A

declination

63
Q

It is sensible to apply energy _____ measures before installing PV systems because their initial costs and payback periods are substantially less than increasing the size of the PV system.

A

conservation

64
Q

_____ is the measure of the electrical storage potential of a battery or cell.

A

Capacity

65
Q

A(n) _____ is a device that regulates battery charge by controlling the charging voltage and/or current from a DC power source, such as a PV array.

A

charge controller

66
Q

The _____ is the voltage difference between the voltage regulation setpoint and the array reconnect voltage setpoint.

A

voltage regulation hysteresis

67
Q

The nominal voltage and rated _____ of the selected battery are used to determine the configuration of the battery bank.

A

capacity

68
Q

_____ corrosion is an electrochemical process that causes electrical current to flow between two dissimilar metals, eventually corroding one of the materials.

A

Galvanic

69
Q

The best weather-sealing method uses _____ and rubber boots to seal around roof penetrations.

A

flashings

70
Q

Inverter power output is limited by the capacity of the PV array, the inverter output rating, and _____.

A

temperature

71
Q

Pre-drywall _____ are required when any electrical or mechanical work will become permanently concealed behind walls.

A

inspections

72
Q

Measuring electrical parameters is the most important type of _____.

A

monitoring

73
Q

A system is broken down into functional areas called _____.

A

subsystems

74
Q

_____ is a troubleshooting step that is conducted primarily through inspection and testing.

A

investigation

75
Q

Cost _____ is a comparison of two or more options that considers both the cost and value of each.

A

analysis

Photovoltaic Systems (19 decks)

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