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BIO126 > Test 1 multiple choice > Flashcards

Test 1 multiple choice Flashcards

1
Q

Carbon based molecules

A
  • Proteins
  • DNA, RNA
  • Carbohydrtates
  • Lipids
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2
Q

Why can carbon form diverse molecules

A

Forms 4 covalent bonds, bonds easilty to itself, valence of 4, tetrahedryl shape

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3
Q

How is structural and functional relatuonship determined

A

electron configuration

Determines kinds and numbers of bonds an atom will form

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4
Q

Isomers

A

same molecular formula, different sstructure

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5
Q

Types of isomers and explain each

A
  1. Structural: same molecular formula, different structure
  2. Cis-Trans: have the same covalent bonds but differ in spacial arrangement (cis: functional groups on the same side of the plane, trans: functional groups on different sides of the plane)
  3. Enantimers: mirror images
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6
Q

What is the significance of isomers

A

cells can distinguish between isomers. One can be an effective drug while the other can cause problems

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7
Q

What do carbohydrates include

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

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8
Q

What is a polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar building blokcs

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9
Q

Monosaccharides

What is it and example

A

classified by location of carbonyl group (aldose, ketose) and number of carbons (3-7)

Glucose: most common monosaccharide, major fuel for cells and building block for molecules

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10
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugars. Monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

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11
Q

Gylcosidic linkage

A

covaalent bond created during dehydration synthesis

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12
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymers of sugar, have storage and structural synthesis roles. Structure determined by sugar monomers and position of glycosidic linkages

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13
Q

Starch

A

polysaccharide consiting entirely of glucose monomers, plants

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14
Q

Glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide in animals

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15
Q

Cellulose

A

polysaccharide in cell walls of plants, made up of glucose molecules

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16
Q

Chitin

A

polysaccharide. exoskeleton components, made of glucose with nitrogen appendage

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17
Q

Lipids polar or nonpolar

A

nonpolar

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18
Q

Types of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids and steroids

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19
Q

Fats- types

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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20
Q

Fatty acids (structure, types, function)

A

carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton

Saturated: max number of hydrogen atoms, no double bonds
Unsaturated: one or more double bonds

Function: store energy, adipose tissure storage

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21
Q

Phospholipids

A

components of cell membrane that assembe into bilayers

2 fatty acid tails (phobic) and one phosphate head group (philic)

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22
Q

Steroids

A

ex: cholestrol
4 fused rings
Component of cell membrane

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23
Q

Most important function of proteins

A

enzyme

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24
Q

what do enzymes do

A

act as catalysists, speed up reactions

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25
Q

Polypeptides

A

polymers built from amino acids, form proteins

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26
Q

Amino acid monomers

A

organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups (acid and base)

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27
Q

R groups

A

side chains attached to the central carbon, determine unique characteristics

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28
Q

What are amino acids joined by

A

peptide bonds (covalent)

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29
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quarternary

30
Q

Primary structure

A

amino acid sequence (linear)

31
Q

seondary structure

A

coils and folds, found in most proteins (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet, stabilized by hydrogen bonds)

32
Q

Teritary structure

A

interactions of R groups

33
Q

Quarternary structure

A

Multiple polypeptide interactions (hemoglobin)

34
Q

What causes sickle cell

A

a change in the primary structure of a protein, one amino acid change in hemoglobin

35
Q

What can cause proteins to unravel, change shape. What does this mean for the protein

A

altertaions in pH, temperature, salt concentration

denatured, biologically inactive

36
Q

Which organic moleculles can form polymers

A

proteins, carbs, nucleic acid

37
Q

What are nucelic acids made of

A

monomers of nucleotides

38
Q

Roles of DNA

A

provide instructions for replication, directs synthsis or mRNA, inherited from other cells

39
Q

Roles of RNA

A

controls protein synthesis

40
Q

Components of nucleic acid

A
  • nitrogenous base
  • pentose sugar
  • phosphate group
41
Q

Pyrimadines

A

CUT (6 membered ring)

42
Q

Purines

A

AG (6 membered ring fuses with 5 membered ring)

43
Q

Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

A

Pro: no membrane bound organelles, smaller, archea and eubacteria

Eu: has membrane bound organelles, larger and more complex, protist, fungi, plant, animal, compartmentalized (allows for specialization)

44
Q

What does RNA do for protein synthesis

A

protein translation

45
Q

Nucleus parts

A

Nuclear envelope: encloses nucleus
Chromosome: DNA organized into desrcete units (always present but coil more at division)
Chromatin: uncoiled chromosomes
Nucelolus: site of rRNA synthesis
Ribosomes: made of rRna and proteins, protein synthesis

46
Q

What is part of the endomembrane system

A 
ER
Nuclear envelope 
Golgi
Lysosomes 
Vesicles (vacucoles)
47
Q

Lysosome function

A

digestive enzymes (compartments), phagocytosis of virus, bacteria, worn out organelles etc.

48
Q

Types of vacuoles

A

Food vacuole
Contractile vacuole
Central vacuole

49
Q

Food vacuole

A

formed by pagocytosis

50
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

pump excess water out of the cells

51
Q

Central vacuole

A

stores metabolites and water

52
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

fibers extending through the cytoplasm

53
Q

Parts of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules
Microfilliments
Intermediate fillaments

54
Q

Microtubules

A

Thick
Transport mitochondria and vesciles. Help form extensions of cilia and flagella. Formation of mitotic spindle, synthesis of the cell wall (shape)

55
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thinnest
Actin filaments.Help move myosin heads
Temporary pseudopod extensions
ameobic movement, cytoplasm streaming, mircovillus support

56
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

diameter in the middle range
Built from keratin. Reinforce cell shape and fix organelle location. Made to bear tension

(ex: human skin, hair)

57
Q

Extracellular matrix

what it is made of and what it does

A

cellulose fibers (rigidity), embedded in polysaccharides and protein

help things travel across the body, connects cells

58
Q

What is the extracellular matrix in the plant cells

A

Cell wall (protects cell, shape, prevents excess water)

59
Q

Parts of the ECM in animal cells

A
  • glycoproteins: collegen, proteoglycans, fibronectin (bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins which relay messages from cell to cell)
  • Junctions
60
Q

Types of junctions in ECM

A

tight junctions

desmosomes

gap junctions

61
Q

Tight junctions

A

membranes of neighboring cells pressed together. Prevents leakage

62
Q

Desmosomes

A

fasten cells together in strong sheets (intermediate filaments)

63
Q

Gap junctions

A

Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells. Portals of exchange for small solutes to cross from one cytoplasm to the next (communtication)

64
Q

Gap junctions in plants

A

plasmodesmta

65
Q

Fluid mosaic

A

membrane is fluid structure with mosaic of proteins embedded in it

66
Q

Components of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates

67
Q

Amphipathetic molecules

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

68
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Peripheral and integral

69
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

bound to the surface of the membrane

70
Q

Intergral proteins

what are they are functions

A

integrate through the lipid bilayer

  • transport
  • enzymatic activity
  • signal transduction
  • cell-cell recognition
  • intercellular joining
  • attachmment to cytoskeleton and ECM (shape)
71
Q

Purpose of membrane carbohydrates and location

A

cel-cell recognition
external side of membrane, cells bind to them
bond to lipids (glycolipids), and proteins (glycoproteins)

BIO126 (13 decks)

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