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BIO126 > Final- 11 > Flashcards

Final- 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of local signaling

A

Gap junctions
Plasmodesmata
Cell-cell recognition

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2
Q

Gap junction

A

Cytoplasm is directly connected. Allows molecules to directly pass through a gate from one cell to another

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3
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Connecting cell walls to exchange material

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4
Q

Cell-cell recognition

A

Not directly connected. Receptors of cells connect

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5
Q

Local regulators

A

Messenger molecules that travel short distances. Influence cells in the area

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6
Q

Long distance signaling

A

Hormones travel through circulatory system

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7
Q

Ligand

A

Messenger. Binds to specific receptor

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8
Q

Types of water soluble receptors in the plasma membrane

A

G protein coupled receptors
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Ligand gates ion channels

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9
Q

G protein coupled receptors

A

Works with the help of a G protein. Spans the membrane. G protein switches the receptor on and off. Activated when G bonds to it. GTP released. Phosphorylation. Does Not work if GDP is bound

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10
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases

A

Only fully activated when two ligands bind
Activation is a phosphorylation event
Membrane receptors attach phosphates to tyrosine
Can trigger multiple events
Acts as an enzyme upon substrates, transfers phosphate groups

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11
Q

Ligand gates ion channels

A

Acts as a gate type receptor
Allows passage of specific ions (ca+, na+)
Ligand binds to receptor to open gate, conformational change

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12
Q

Transduction

A

Cascade of molecular events to relay message

Usually involves multiple steps to amplify signal, larger cellular response

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13
Q

Signal transduction pathways

A

Relay message from receptor to response

Mostly proteins do this

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14
Q

First messanger

A

Ligand

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15
Q

Second messanger

A

Small non protein water soluble molecules or ions that spread throughout a cell by diffusion
Small molecules and ions

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16
Q

What are second messanger important for

A

GCPR and RTK

17
Q

Common second messengers

A

Ca2+ and cAMP

18
Q

cAMP

A

Activated by enzyme adenylyl cyclase. Usually activated protein kinase A

19
Q

Ca2+

A

Regulated through changes in concentration. Ex: muscle cells

ER stores calcium ions and releases them for signal transduction

20
Q

Response

A

Cell signaling leads to regulation of many activities

21
Q

Output response

A

Nucleus or cytoplasm, cells response to an extracellular signal

22
Q

What do signals do

A

act to regulate activity of transcription factors (control gene expression), enzymes (activity and synthesis), cell behavior and cell shape

23
Q

Four aspects of fine tuning the response

A
  1. Amplification of signal
  2. Specificity
  3. Enhancement by scaffolding proteins
  4. Signal termination
24
Q

Amplification of signal

A 
Elaborate enzyme cascade 
Increases response (at each step, the number of activated products is much greater than the proceeding step)
25
Q

Specificity

A

Based on different protein connections in the cell, different proteins allow cells to detect and respond to signals

26
Q

Enhancement of scaffolding proteins

A

Large relay proteins

Increase signal efficiency by grouping together different proteins involved in the same pathway

27
Q

Signal termination

A

Inactivation of signal
Drop in ligand concentration-termination
Can be reversible

28
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

29
Q

How is apoptosis carried out

A

component of cell are chopped up and packed into vesicles, prevents enzymes from leaking out of the dying cell and affecting other cells

30
Q

What happens to the cell shape during apoptosis

A

characteristic morphology

31
Q

What is a protease

A

Something that cuts up proteins

32
Q

What acts as a protease in apoptosis

A

Caspases

33
Q

What triggers apoptosis

A
  • Extracellular death signal
  • DNA damage in the nucleus
  • Protein misfolding
34
Q

What diseases is apoptosis involved with

A

Parkinsons, Alzheimers

Interpherence with apoptosis may cause cancer

BIO126 (13 decks)

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