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BIO126 > lab test 1 > Flashcards

lab test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

eyepiece (ocular) function

A

the uppermost lens or series of lenses through which a specimen is viewed. Most have a magnification of 10x

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2
Q

Body function

A

holds the nose piece at one end and includes the draw tube

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3
Q

Arm function

A

serves as a handle

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4
Q

Nose piece function

A

revolves and holds the objectives

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5
Q

Objective function

A

lower lenses attached to the nose piece. The magnification of each objective is stamped on the housing of the objective

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6
Q

Stage clip function

A

secures the slide in place

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7
Q

stage function

A

platform on which slides are placed. some microscopes have a mechanical stage to accurately control the movement of the slides

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8
Q

Fine Focus adjustment knob function

A

used to adjust the specimen into final focus

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9
Q

focus adjustment knob (coarse) function

A

used to adjust the microscope on scanning and low power only

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10
Q

Condensor function

A

a lens system found beneath the stage, used to focus light on the specimen

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11
Q

collector lens with field diaphram function

A

regulates light entering the microscope. usually is controlled by mechanical lever or rotating disc

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12
Q

light source (illuminator) function

A

serves as the source of illumination for the microscope

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13
Q

Base function (micro)

A

the supportive portion of the microscope, which rests on the laboratory table

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14
Q

wet mount slides

A

has the specimen mounted on a liquid (usually water) and then covered with a cover glass

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15
Q

prepared slides

A

has a permanantly attached cover glass and the specimen is usually stained

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16
Q

ionic bonds

A

form when two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that one atom strips an electron completely from the other

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17
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

form when a hydrogen atom that is already covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom. Temporary and weak individually, collectivly strong

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18
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

involve equal sharing of electrons

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19
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

involve unequl sharing of electrons

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20
Q

covalent bonds

A

result from the sharing of electrons

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21
Q

Acid

A

a substance that yields (donates) a hydrogen ion in a solution

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22
Q

Characteristics of acids

A
  • contribute one of more hydrogen atoms to a solution when the dissaciciate in water
  • have a sour taste
  • may be corrosive or poisonous
  • may react with certain metals to liberate hydrogen gas
  • neutralize bases
  • affect the color of certain indicators
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23
Q

Base

A

commonly known as alkaline. release hydroxide ions in a solution

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24
Q

Characteristics of bases

A
  • release OH- in a solution
  • have a bitter taste
  • feel sliperly
  • may be corrossive or poisonous
  • neuatalize acids
  • affect the color of certain inidcators
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25
Q

How to test for acids

A
  • turn blue litmus red
  • turn phenothalein colorless
  • turn methyl orange indicators red
  • pH paper
  • pH meter
  • cabbage extract
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26
Q

How to test for bases

A
  • turn red lithmus blue
  • turn phenothalien pink
  • turn methyl orange indicators yellow
  • cabbage extract
  • pH paper
  • pH meter
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27
Q

Use of antacids

A

neutralize acids

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28
Q

Phospholipids

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to a glycerol. Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and phosphate and its attachments from a heads that is hydrophilic

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29
Q

Peptide bonds

A

amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. a peptide bond is a covalent bond that forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid

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30
Q

hydrocarbon

A

organic molecules consisting of only one carbon and hydrogen. undergo reactions that release a lot of energy

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31
Q

Saturated fat

A

consist of saturated fatty acids with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

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32
Q

unsaturated fat

A

consist of unsaturated fatty acids that contain at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain. tend to be liquid at room temperature

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33
Q

Reducing sugars test/ carbohydrates

A

Benedicts

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34
Q

Starch test

A

Iodine

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35
Q

Lipids test

A

Sudan IV

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36
Q

lipid test

A

paper spot

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37
Q

Protein test

A

biuret

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38
Q

Why do we use water in tests

A

negative control group, there should be no result obtained from water

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39
Q

Explain cabbage test

A

plant material yields a specific color at a specific pH. Cabbage extract turns certain colors to determine acids and bases throughout the pH spectrum

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40
Q

Carbohydrates

A

organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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41
Q

Lipids

A

diverse organic compounds that include fats, waxes phospholipids and steroids. Insoluable in water and soluble in nonpolar compounds. Consist of mostly carbon and hydrogen with a few oxygen atoms

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42
Q

Proteins

A

Most numerous and complex molecules in living organisms. Provide support,/movement, storage, defense and regulation

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43
Q

Monosaccherides

A

molecules composed of three-to seven carbon atoms and their appropriate hydrogen and oxygen atoms

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44
Q

dehydration synthesis =/condensation

A

when two monosaccharides combine to form a double sugar (disacchardide)

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45
Q

Disaccharide

A

a double sugar formed through dehyrdation synthesis

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46
Q

Hydrolysis

A

disaccharides being broken down into their simple sugars

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47
Q

Polysaccharides

A

complex carbohydrates built from simple carbohydrates linked by dehydration synthesis

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48
Q

Starch

A

a storage polysaccharide that consists of glucose molecules in plants

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49
Q

gycogen

A

animal starch, highly branched glucose rich polysaccharide stored in the liver and skeletal muscles of animals

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50
Q

Chitin

A

a modified polysaccharide that is the main component of cell walls and of some fungi and the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods

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51
Q

Why did we preform the phenopthalein experiment

A

looking for change in the baking soda (base) into an acid by using phenothalein. It shouldve turned pink to clear with the addition of CO2

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52
Q

Prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic: smaller, lack membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and majority of the time has a cell wall, two kingdoms (archaebacteria and eubacteria)

Eukaryotic: larger and more structurally complex, has membrane bound nucleus and organelles, kingdoms (protista, plantae, fungi, and animalia)

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53
Q

Prokaryotic examples from lab

A

Oscilatoria

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54
Q

Archea

A

ancient prokaryotic cells, live in extreme conditions

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55
Q

Eubacteria

A

bacteria, such as staph

56
Q

Basic shapes of eubacteria

A

round, rod, spiral

57
Q

Eubacteria organelles

A

nucleoid, ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles

58
Q

Eubacteria pili function

A

attach a bacterial cell to specific surfaces or to other cells

59
Q

Eubacteria nucleoid function

A

houses DNA in the prokaryotic cell. Not membrane bound. May also contain RNA, enzymes and proteins for cellular processes

60
Q

Eubacteria ribosome function

A

translate mRNA and protein synthesis

61
Q

Eubacteria cytoplasm function

A

where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out. contains cell structures such as ribosomes.

62
Q

Eubacteria plasma membrane function

A

Acts as a permability barrier for most molecules

63
Q

Eubacteria cell wall function

A

gives bacteria structural support

64
Q

Eubacteria capsule function

A

protects cell from engulfment by eukaryotic cells. Contains water to prevent cell from drying out. It also helps the cell to adhere to surfaces

65
Q

Eubacteria flagellum function

A

allows for bacterial movement

66
Q

Protist classification system

A

A diverse group of eukaryotic cells that can be catagorized as being plant, animal, or fungi-like

67
Q

Fungi definition

A

a diverse group of mostly multicellular heterotrophic organisms

68
Q

Fungi examples

A

ring worm, yeast

69
Q

Plant cell wall function

A

a cellulose envelope that provides protection and shape

70
Q

Plant plasma membrane function

A

a phospholipid bilayer that provides support and regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell

71
Q

Plant rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

network of membranes throghout the cytoplasm lined with ribosomes. involves with synthesis of proteins

72
Q

Plant nucleus function

A

the control center of the cell

73
Q

Plant nucleolus function

A

serves to combine proteins and RNA to make ribosomal subunits

74
Q

Plant nuclear membrane (envelope) function

A

membrane surrounding the nucleus. posesses numerous nuclear pores

75
Q

Plant peroxisome function

A

vesicle containing enzymes that help in breaking down fatty acids and neutralizing hydrogen peroxide

76
Q

Plant smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A

main site of steroid, fatty acid and lipid synthesis. No ribosomes. Site of detoxification

77
Q

Plant mitochondrian function

A

site of aerobic cellular respiration

78
Q

Plant golgi complex function

A

recieves, packages, stores, and ships protein products. Produces lysosomes and other vesicles

79
Q

Plant chloroplast function

A

site for photosynthesis

80
Q

Plant vacuole function

A

large fluid filled sac that helps maintain the shape of the cell and stores metabolites

81
Q

Parts of the cytoskeleton in an animal cell

A

actin filament, microtubule, intermediate filament

82
Q

Animal cytoskeleton function

A

the cytoskeleton gives a cell its shape, offers support, and facilitates movement through three main components: actin filament, intermediate filament and microvilli

83
Q

Animal centrosome parts

A

pericentriolar material, centrioles

84
Q

Animal centrosome function

A

organelles responsible for the organization and nucleation of microtubules in animal cells and also regulate the cell cycle during cellular division

85
Q

Animal plasma membrane function

A

protect the cell from its surroundings. Selective barrier

86
Q

Animal lysosome function

A

organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria

87
Q

Animal smooth ER function

A

synthesis of lipids, cholesterol and detoxification

88
Q

Animal peroxisome function

A

break down long fatty acid chains through beta-oxidation

89
Q

Animal mitochondria function

A

produce ATP (energy)

90
Q

Animal microtubule function

A

They move vesicles, granules, organelles like mitochondria, and chromosomes via special attachment proteins

91
Q

Parts of animal nucelus

A

Chromatin, nuclear envelope, nucleolus

92
Q

Animal nucleus function

A

contains the cell’s genetic material

93
Q

Animal chromatin function

A

efficiently package DNA into a small volume to fit into the nucleus of a cell and protect the DNA structure and sequence

94
Q

Animal nuclear envelope function

A

surrounds and protects the Eukaryotic cell’s DNA (surrounds nucleus)

95
Q

Animal nucleolus function

A

contains all of the information needed for DNA replication, flow of proteins and RNA, all while controlling the synthesis of protein and cell replication.

96
Q

Animal glycogen granules function

A

the main storage form of energy is glycogen stored in the glycogen granules

97
Q

Animal cytoplasm function

A

contains organelles and cell parts. gives the cell shape

98
Q

What is cytosol?

A

part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles

99
Q

Animal rough ER function

A

series of tubules that contains ribosomes that are responsible for the synthesis of proteins

100
Q

Animal ribosome function

A

responsible for the synthesis of proteins

101
Q

Animal golgi complex function

A

process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.

102
Q

Animal actin filament function

A

cytoskeletal fimament that helps the cytoskeleton to maintain and change their shapes as needed, to resist physical stresses, to transport vesicles through the cytosol, or to move around autonomously

103
Q

Three postulates of cell theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things
  3. cells come only from pre-existing cells
104
Q

Plant vs animal cell

A

chloroplast, cell wall, vacuoles

105
Q

Enzyme

A

a biological catalyst that accelarates a reaction without itself being affected by the reaction

106
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum total of chemical processes within an organism

107
Q

Activation energy

A

the original input of energy necessary to initate a reaction

108
Q

Substrate

A

the reacant that the enzyme reacts upon

109
Q

Active site

A

portion of the enzyme that binds to the substrate

110
Q

Catabolic

A

bodily processes that break down substances

111
Q

Anabolic

A

bodily processes that build new substances

112
Q

Cofactors

A

usually nonorganic metal ions that aid the action of an enzyme

113
Q

Coenzymes

A

nonprotein organic molecules that improve enzymatic action

114
Q

Inhibitors

A

bind to an enzyme to decrease its acitivy

115
Q

Activators

A

bind to an enzyme to increase its activity

116
Q

Catalase

A

enzyme produced by the liver that breaks down H2O2

117
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water across plasma membranes in a living system

118
Q

Diffusion

A

the random movement of molecules from regions of greater concentration to regions of lesser concentration

119
Q

Selective permeability

A

allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport

120
Q

Equilibrium

A

with regards to diffusion, it is equal distribution of molecules within a system

121
Q

Hypotonic

A

there is a lower concentration of solute relative to the inside of the cell

122
Q

Hypertonic

A

there is a higher concertration of solute relative to the inside of the cell

123
Q

Isotonic

A

a solution that contains the same concentration of solutes as the inside of the cell

124
Q

Active transport

A

movement of molecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient. Requires the use of ATP and pumps in the membrane

125
Q

Passive transport

A

Passage of substances through the membrane that does not require the use of ATP

126
Q

Endocytosis

A

transport of large macromolecules into the cell

127
Q

Exocytosis

A

transport of large macromolecules out of the cell

128
Q

Denature

A

loss of function of an enzyme because its shape has been altered

129
Q

Factors that affect enzymatic action

A

pH, temperature, optimal enzymatic ranges, denature

130
Q

Independent and dependent variable in the pH enzyme experiment

A

Independent: pH
Dependent: Bromelain activity

131
Q

Independent and dependent variable in the temperature enzyme experiment

A

Independent: temperature
Dependent: Bromelain activity

132
Q

Why is optimal temperature/pH important for an enzyme

A

When outside optimal range, enzyme will not work properly. Different enzymes have different optimal temperatures

133
Q

How does increasing and decreasing temperature affect the enzyme

A

Increasing temperature affects the enzyme much more dramatically. They denature much more rapidly at higher temperatures than lower

134
Q

How does increasing and decreasing pH affect the enzyme

A

Increasing and decreasing the temperature denature the enzyme at the same rate. Have equal effect on enzyme activity

135
Q

Celery stick experiment: explain results

A
  • distilled and salt water
  • distilled water moved into celery (hypotonic), celery became strong
  • salt water drew water out of the celery. More water in celery stick so the water was drawn out. Celery stick became very flexible (hypertonic)
136
Q

Elodea leaf experiment: explain results

A
  • distilled water: moved into the cell. The cell expanded and the central vacuole grew and became very visible (hypotonic)
  • salt water: water moved out of the cell. The cell shrunk and plasmalysis, or the separation of the cell membrane and cell wall, began to occur. (hypertonic)
137
Q

What is the effect of temperature on rate of diffusion. How was this tested in the lab

A

Higher temperature increases rate of diffusion. This was tested by putting food coloring into various beakers with different temperatures and seeing how long it took to become a homogeneous solution. Boiling water diffused the food coloring almost instantaneously, while you could watch the exact path of the food coloring diffusing and it took a long time in the cold water

BIO126 (13 decks)

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