Test 1 (Lectures 1-4) COPY Flashcards
what is physiology
the relationship of form (appearance) and function (action).
what is unique about dog vs cat hearts
dogs have a much larger heart than cats
what does the larger heart in the dog allow
higher level of endurance
what does the cardiovascular /circulatory system do
Circulatesbloodaround the body via theheart,arteriesandveins, deliveringoxygenand nutrients to organs and cells and carrying their waste products away.
what does the Digestive system/Excretory system do
Mechanical and chemical processes that provide nutrients via themouth,esophagus,stomachandintestines.
Eliminates waste from the body.
what does the Endocrine system do
Provides chemical communications within the body usinghormones
what does the Integumentary system/Exocrine system include (5)
Skin hair nails sweat other exocrine glands
what does the lymphatic system do
The system comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid calledlymph
what does the immune system do
Defends the body against disease-causing agents
what does the muscular system do
Enables the body to move usingmuscles
what does the nervous system do
Collects and processes information from thesensesvianervesand thebrainand tells themusclesto contract to cause physical actions.
what does the renal/urinary system do
The system where thekidneysfilter blood
what does the reproductive system do
Thesex organsrequired for the production ofoffspring
what does the respiratory system do
Thelungsand thetracheathat bring air into the body
what does the skeletal system do
Bonessupporting the body and itsorgans.
what does the sagittal plane divide
left and right
what does the transverse plane divide
front and back
2 other names for frontal plane
- dorsal
- coronal
what does the frontal plane divide
divides top and bottom
directional terms: cranial
towards the head
directional terms:
Rostral
towards the nose (head only)
directional terms: Caudal
towards the tail
directional terms:
Dorsal
toward the back
directional terms:
Ventral
toward the belly
directional terms:
Medial
towards the middle
directional terms:
Lateral
away from the middle (outside)
directional terms: Proximal
towards the trunk
directional terms:
Distal
away from the trunk
directional terms: dorsal (foot/paw)
front of paw
directional terms: palmer (foot/paw)
back of fore limb paw
directional terms: planter (foot/paw)
back of rear limb paw
what does the dorsal body cavity contain (3)
brain spinal cord (CNS) vertebrae
what does the ventral body cavity include (what other 2 cavity’s)
- chest (thoracic cavity)
- abdomen (abdominal cavity)
what does the ventral body cavity contain
contains the soft organs or viscera
what is in the pleural cavity
heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels
what covers the organs of the thoracic cavity
membrane of pleurem
what membrane similar to the pleurem covers covers the abdominal organs
peritoneum
what is the second layer that covers both the thoracic and abdominal cavities called
parietal
what is Pleuritis
inflammation of the pleurum
what is peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
first hardest substance in the body
enamel
second hardest substance in the body
bone
what is bone
Living tissue composed of cells and a soft matrix that hardens when deposits of calcium and phosphate are “laid down”
what are Bone producing cells called
osteoblasts
what do the osteoblasts do
cells are responsible for the secretion of the bone matrix (bone building)
what is the matrix
a mixture of collagen fibres and a protein/carbohydrate complex
what is Endochondral ossification
cartilage replacement
is Endochondral ossification common
yes
what happens during Endochondral ossification
occurs when cartilaginous templates (rods of cartilage) are substituted by bone
when does Endochondral ossification normally take place
in fetal development
where does bone typically develop first
along the shaft (middle)
what is the name of the process when bone develops on the shaft
diaphysis
after bone develops completely on the shaft where does it develop next and what is that called
- at the ends of the bone
- epiphysis
where does intramembranous ossification mostly take place
brain
what kind bone does intramembranous ossification form
- form the bones of the skull
- skull plates
what kind of bone do Both endochondral and intramembranous ossification produce
immature bone
what are the functions of bones (5)
- Support of soft tissue and organs
- Protection of vital tissue and organs
- Leverage and actuation
- Storage
- Blood cell formation
name 2 bones that protect vital organs
ribs
skull
name a mineral that bones store
calcium
what do bone allow to attach to them
attachment points for tendons and muscles
what is Calcitonin
a thyroid hormone
what does Calcitonin do
it deposits calcium in the bone
what does the Parathyroid hormone do
removes calcium from the bone
what 2 hormones control calcium levels
- Calcitonin
- Parathyroid
describe cancellous bone
light and spongy
describe compact bone
dense and heavy
what can be seen in cancellous bone
Tiny “spicules” of bone that appear randomly arranged
where can bone marrow be found in cancellous bone
Spaces between the spicules
cancellous bones are _____ but _____
strong
light
where is compact bone deposited
areas requiring greater strength
where can compact bone be found
- Shafts of long bones (limbs)
- outside layer of all bones
what membrane covers the bone
periosteum
where is the periosteum not found
on articular surfaces
what is the outer layer of periosteum composed of
fibrous tissue
what is the inner layer of the periosteum called
endosteum
what does the endosteum contain and why
contains osteoblasts
– for increasing bone width and fracture repair
what do Osteoclasts do (3)
- break down bone
- release calcium
- remove/remodel
what are Mature osteoblasts which no longer produce bone called
osteocytes
what is unique about osteocytes
depending on the need, they can revert back to Osteoblasts
what are foramina
large channels found in large bones
what do foramina do
increase -blood -lymph -nerve supply to the bone tissue
what can foramina be possibly found on
radiograph
what are Pneumatic bones
hollow bones found in birds
4 basic bone shapes
- long
- flat
- long
- irregular
what is a long bone
a bone thats Longer than it is wide
long bone example
femur
humerus
what is a short bone
a bone that is Short, kind of block like
short bone example
- carpal
- tarsal
what is a flat bone
a bone that is flat and thin
flat bone example
- Pelvis
- Scapula
irregular bone examples
- Vertebrae
- Maxilla (upper jaw)
- Mandible (lower jaw)
- Sacrum (tailbone)
what in general does bone marrow do
Fills the spaces within bones
types of bone marrow (2)
- red
- yellow
what is haematopoiesis
blood production
what types of animals have lots of red marrow
Predominant in young animals
what is red marrow responsible for
all blood cell formation
what do red blood cells do
carry oxygen
what do white blood cells do
get rid of bacteria, viruses
what do platelets do
clot blood
where can red marrow be found in older animals
normally confined to the ends of long bones and in larger bones such as the pelvic and breast bone (sternum)
what type of animals have lots of yellow bone marrow
adult animals
what does yellow bone marrow contain
connective tissue
adipose (fat)
what is the condyle
round articular surface
what is the hard of the bone
spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone
what is a facet
flat articular surface
what is an articular surface
Smooth areas of compact bone that come in contact with smooth surfaces of another bone
what are Articular surfaces covered with
hyaline cartilage
what do articular surface form and ex
forms joints
EX. knee (stifle)
where to find condyles
Distal and proximal ends of the Femur
and Humerus
where can facet joints be found
vertebrae
what are processes
Projections off a bone surface
example of a process
spine of the scapula
synarthroses joints
- “fibrous joints”
- immoveable: structures of the skull bones
amphiarthroses joints
- “cartilaginous joints”
- slightly moveable: pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis
diarthroses joints
- “synovial joints”
- moveable: shoulder, hip, stifle, elbow, carpus
4 types of synovial joints
- Hinge joints
- Gliding joints
- Pivot joint
- Ball and socket joint
where do hinge joints exist
Hinge jointsare formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend.
hinge joint examples
elbow, stifle, digits
another name for gliding joint
plane or planar
where are gliding joints formed
formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces
which ways can gliding joints glide
up and down, left and right, and diagonally.
how do gliding joints work
allow the bones to glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint
gliding joint examples
carpus
tarsus
another name for pivot joint
rotaryjoint trochoidjoint
diarthrosis
freely moveablejoint
examples of pivot joints
atlas (c1) axis (c2)
examples of ball and socket joints
shoulder
hip
flexion
Decrease angle between bones
Extension
Increase angle between bones
adduction
Movement of an extremity toward the median plane
Abduction
Movement of an extremity away from the median plane
Circumduction
Movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle
5 parts of the Integumentary System
- Skin
- Hair
- Horns
- Claws/Nails
- Hooves
primary job of the Integumentary System
protection
what is the largest organ in your body
skin
how much body weight does your skin make up
15% +
5 Functions of the Integumentary system
- Protection of the body
- Houses sensory receptors
- Regulates body temperature
- Produces Vitamin D
- Secretes and excretes
what does the skin secrete and how
- natural oils
- through the glands of the skin
what does the skin excrete and how
- waste substance
- through the glands of the skin
is the skin continuous with mucous membranes of the body
yes
what is keratin
a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns
what is important to note about surface skin and hair
it is keratinized
surface skin is ______
dead
the closer you get to the surface of the _____ the ______ it is
skin
deader
what else does the skin do
store nutrients
is skin all one thickness
NO
- related to area of the body and species
where are the youngest skin cells found
hypodermis
layer of skin in order from the outer most layer
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
what is a Sebaceous Gland
oil gland
describing words for the epidermis
- Relatively thin
- tough
avascular means
no blood supply
what is diffusion
molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration so that it balances
what is the outer most layer of the epidermis called
stratum corneum
how much skin thickness does the stratum corneum account for
75%
what does the stratum corneum do
prevents most bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances from entering the body
is the stratum corneum waterproof
yes
where would you find melanocytes
deep in the epidermis
what do melanocytes produce
produce the pigment melanin
what is the main task of melanin
melanin’s primary function is to filter out ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.
what is melanin responsible for
skin colour
how does the epidermis receiver nutrients
Receives nutrients via diffusion from the dermis
why do the epidermal cells become Keratinized
These cells are actively dividing and push cells up from the basal layer to the surface which makes them lose their cell integrity
what is the dermis made of
made mostly of collagen and elastin
what is the dermis
thick layer of connective tissue fibres
with the dermis our skin is ______ and ________
strong
flexible
what does the dermis contain (5)
contains:
- nerve endings
- sweat glands
- oil (sebaceous) glands
- hair follicles
- blood vessels
what are Nerve endings responsible for (4)
pain
touch
pressure
temperature
what do sweat gland do
evaporation to cool off the body
what do sebaceous glands do
secrete sebum into the hair follicles
what do hair follicles do (3)
- regulate body temperature
- protection from injury
- enhancing sensation
what are blood vessels responsible for (2)
-nutrients to skin -temperature regulation
what is the Hypodermis composed of
areolar tissue
what does the areolar tissue contain
- blood and lymph vessels,
- nerves and fat tissue
the ________ is _________ with the ________
hypodermis
contiguous (touching, sharing a border)
dermis
what are found in the hypodermic
Deep touch/pain receptors
what is sarcastic mange caused by
caused by a Sarcoptes mite
main symptom of Sarcoptic mange
very itchy and uncomfortable for the animal
what is very important to remember about sarcastic mange
very contagious between hosts and is zoonotic
what is Demodectic mange caused by
caused by a Demodex mite
what does demodectic mange look like
animal will have localized crusty, red, hairless patches
can you be itchy with demodectic mange
yes but not always
where do the Demodex mites normally live
these mites live normally on animals and people in hair follicles
what kind of animals may get Demodectic mange
generally immune compromised animals affected
2 other names for the circulatory system
cardiovascular systemor thevascular system
what are two different systems with in the circulatory system
cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
are the cardiovascular systems of mammals open or closed
closed
what is a closed cardiovascular system
the blood never leaves the network ofblood vessels
is the lymphatic system open or closed
open
what do open circulatory systems use instead of blood
hemolymph
pulmonary circulation does what
a “loop” through thelungswhere blood is oxygenated
systematic circulation does what
“loop” through the rest of the body to provideoxygenated blood.
4 parts of blood
- plasma
- (RBCs)
- (WBCs)
- platelets
arteries have ______ pressure ______ volume
high pressure
low volume
veins have ______ pressure ______ volume
low pressure
high volume
what do veins do
carry oxygen-poorbloodback from the body to the heart
what do arteries do
carry oxygenatedbloodaway from theheartto the body
artery exception
Pulmonary artery carries de-oxygenated blood
vein exception
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
capillaries are the ______ of the bodies vessels
smallest
how thick are capillaries
1 cell thick
what do capillaries do
are the sites of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues in the body
what do capillaries collect fro return to the veins
collect carbon dioxide waste materials and fluids for return to the veins.
how many chambers do Mammalian hearts have
4 separated by a septum
what are the upper heart chambers called
atria (atriums)
what do the atria do
(receive venous blood coming into the heart
what are the lower heart chambers called
ventricles
what do the ventricles do
pump atrial blood away from the heart
what is the heart surrounded by
a tough, fibrous covering known as the pericardium
is the pericardium elastic
no it is non-elastic
musculature in the heart is thicker in which chambers
ventricles
non-mammals and amphibians have ___ chambers
3
crocodiles and birds have ___ chambers
4
why is there more muscle in the ventricles
because they pump blood throughout the body and lungs.
veins have what kind of walls
thin elastic muscular wall
arteries have what kind of walls
thick elastic muscular wall
how much of the total blood volume is carried by the pulmonary system
15%
how much of the total blood volume is carried by the heart
5%
how much of the total blood volume is carried by the venous system
65%
how much of the total blood volume is carried by the arterial system
10%
how much of the total blood volume is carried by the capillary beds
5%
which system carries the most amount of blood volume
venous system carries the majority of the blood in the systemic vascular system (65%)
how many layers do arteries have
3
artery outer layer
fibrous
Avery middle layer is composed of what (2)
- smooth muscle
- elastic connective tissue
what is Arterial constriction and dilation controlled by
the autonomic nervous system
what is the inner layer of an artery called
endothelium
what can veins be compared to
Veins are essentially thin walled arteries
as vein get smaller what happens
the smaller the vein, the less smooth muscle there is in the walls
why do arteries have more smooth muscle
because eateries have high pressure
do veins have valves
Yes, large veins have valves to prevent back flow
normal dog heart beat in dogs over 25 KG and under 25 KG
Under 25 kg: 70-100 bpm
Over 25 kg: 90-160 bpm
normal cat heart rate
150-220 bpm
2 reason for Bradycardia
- anesthesia
- disease
what is Bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate
what is Tachycardia
abnormally fast heart rate
what is another name for the Lub
S1
what comes first Lub or dub
lub
what is the Lub caused by
caused by turbulence caused by the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole
what is another name for dub
S2
what is the dub caused by
caused by the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves, marking the end of systole
what are the 5 waves of the ECG
PQRST
2 common monitoring devices
- Multiparameter Unit
- Sphygmomanometer
what is the top number on the blood pressure reading
systolic pressure
what does the systolic pressure represent
the amount of pressure in your arteries during contraction of your heart muscle (ventricular contraction)
what does the diastolic pressure represent
refers to your blood pressure when your heart muscle is between beats (ventricular relaxation).
what is the bottom number on the blood pressure reading
diastolic pressure
normal systolic pressure in cats and dogs (top #)
110-160 mm of mercury
normal diastolic pressure in cats and dogs (bottom #)
60-90 mm of. mercury
normal MAP range
85-120 mm of mercury
what is MAP
defined as the averagepressurein a patient’s arteries during one cardiac cycle
which is better MAP or systolic blood pressure
MAP
what does MAP stand for
mean arterial pressure
what does the tricuspid valve do when its closed
Closes off the upper right chamber (or atrium)
that holds blood coming in from the body.
what does the tricuspid valve do when it opens
Opens to allow blood to flow from the top right
chamber to the lower right chamber (or from right
atrium to right ventricle).
what is the tricuspid valves most important job
Prevents the back flow of blood from the ventricle
to the atrium when blood is pumped out of the
ventricle.
what does the pulmonary valve do when its closed
Closes off the lower right chamber (or right ventricle).
what does the pulmonary valve do when it opens
Opens to allow blood to be pumped from the heart to the lungs (through the pulmonary artery) where it will receive oxygen
what does the mitral valve do when its closed
Closes off the upper left chamber (or left atrium) collecting the oxygen-rich blood coming in from the lungs.
what does the aortic valve do when it closes
Closes off the lower left chamber that holds the oxygen-rich blood before it is pumped out to the body.
what does the aortic valve do when it opens
Opens to allow blood to leave the heart (from the left ventricle to the aorta and on to the body).
