Test 1 (Lectures 1-4) COPY Flashcards
1
Q
what is physiology
A
the relationship of form (appearance) and function (action).
2
Q
what is unique about dog vs cat hearts
A
dogs have a much larger heart than cats
3
Q
what does the larger heart in the dog allow
A
higher level of endurance
4
Q
what does the cardiovascular /circulatory system do
A
Circulatesbloodaround the body via theheart,arteriesandveins, deliveringoxygenand nutrients to organs and cells and carrying their waste products away.
5
Q
what does the Digestive system/Excretory system do
A
Mechanical and chemical processes that provide nutrients via themouth,esophagus,stomachandintestines.
Eliminates waste from the body.
6
Q
what does the Endocrine system do
A
Provides chemical communications within the body usinghormones
7
Q
what does the Integumentary system/Exocrine system include (5)
A
Skin hair nails sweat other exocrine glands
8
Q
what does the lymphatic system do
A
The system comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid calledlymph
9
Q
what does the immune system do
A
Defends the body against disease-causing agents
10
Q
what does the muscular system do
A
Enables the body to move usingmuscles
11
Q
what does the nervous system do
A
Collects and processes information from thesensesvianervesand thebrainand tells themusclesto contract to cause physical actions.
12
Q
what does the renal/urinary system do
A
The system where thekidneysfilter blood
13
Q
what does the reproductive system do
A
Thesex organsrequired for the production ofoffspring
14
Q
what does the respiratory system do
A
Thelungsand thetracheathat bring air into the body
15
Q
what does the skeletal system do
A
Bonessupporting the body and itsorgans.
16
Q
what does the sagittal plane divide
A
left and right
17
Q
what does the transverse plane divide
A
front and back
18
Q
2 other names for frontal plane
A
- dorsal
- coronal
19
Q
what does the frontal plane divide
A
divides top and bottom
20
Q
directional terms: cranial
A
towards the head
21
Q
directional terms:
Rostral
A
towards the nose (head only)
22
Q
directional terms: Caudal
A
towards the tail
23
Q
directional terms:
Dorsal
A
toward the back
24
Q
directional terms:
Ventral
A
toward the belly
25
directional terms:
| Medial
towards the middle
26
directional terms:
| Lateral
away from the middle (outside)
27
directional terms: Proximal
towards the trunk
28
directional terms:
| Distal
away from the trunk
29
directional terms: dorsal (foot/paw)
front of paw
30
directional terms: palmer (foot/paw)
back of fore limb paw
31
directional terms: planter (foot/paw)
back of rear limb paw
32
what does the dorsal body cavity contain (3)
```
brain
spinal cord (CNS) vertebrae
```
33
what does the ventral body cavity include (what other 2 cavity's)
- chest (thoracic cavity)
| - abdomen (abdominal cavity)
34
what does the ventral body cavity contain
contains the soft organs or viscera
35
what is in the pleural cavity
heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels
36
what covers the organs of the thoracic cavity
membrane of pleurem
37
what membrane similar to the pleurem covers covers the abdominal organs
peritoneum
38
what is the second layer that covers both the thoracic and abdominal cavities called
parietal
39
what is Pleuritis
inflammation of the pleurum
40
what is peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
41
first hardest substance in the body
enamel
42
second hardest substance in the body
bone
43
what is bone
Living tissue composed of cells and a soft matrix that hardens when deposits of calcium and phosphate are “laid down”
44
what are Bone producing cells called
osteoblasts
45
what do the osteoblasts do
cells are responsible for the secretion of the bone matrix (bone building)
46
what is the matrix
a mixture of collagen fibres and a protein/carbohydrate complex
47
what is Endochondral ossification
cartilage replacement
48
is Endochondral ossification common
yes
49
what happens during Endochondral ossification
occurs when cartilaginous templates (rods of cartilage) are substituted by bone
50
when does Endochondral ossification normally take place
in fetal development
51
where does bone typically develop first
along the shaft (middle)
52
what is the name of the process when bone develops on the shaft
diaphysis
53
after bone develops completely on the shaft where does it develop next and what is that called
- at the ends of the bone
| - epiphysis
54
where does intramembranous ossification mostly take place
brain
55
what kind bone does intramembranous ossification form
- form the bones of the skull
| - skull plates
56
what kind of bone do Both endochondral and intramembranous ossification produce
immature bone
57
what are the functions of bones (5)
- Support of soft tissue and organs
- Protection of vital tissue and organs
- Leverage and actuation
- Storage
- Blood cell formation
58
name 2 bones that protect vital organs
ribs
| skull
59
name a mineral that bones store
calcium
60
what do bone allow to attach to them
attachment points for tendons and muscles
61
what is Calcitonin
a thyroid hormone
62
what does Calcitonin do
it deposits calcium in the bone
63
what does the Parathyroid hormone do
removes calcium from the bone
64
what 2 hormones control calcium levels
- Calcitonin
| - Parathyroid
65
describe cancellous bone
light and spongy
66
describe compact bone
dense and heavy
67
what can be seen in cancellous bone
Tiny "spicules" of bone that appear randomly arranged
68
where can bone marrow be found in cancellous bone
Spaces between the spicules
69
cancellous bones are _____ but _____
strong
| light
70
where is compact bone deposited
areas requiring greater strength
71
where can compact bone be found
- Shafts of long bones (limbs)
| - outside layer of all bones
72
what membrane covers the bone
periosteum
73
where is the periosteum not found
on articular surfaces
74
what is the outer layer of periosteum composed of
fibrous tissue
75
what is the inner layer of the periosteum called
endosteum
76
what does the endosteum contain and why
contains osteoblasts
| – for increasing bone width and fracture repair
77
what do Osteoclasts do (3)
- break down bone
- release calcium
- remove/remodel
78
what are Mature osteoblasts which no longer produce bone called
osteocytes
79
what is unique about osteocytes
depending on the need, they can revert back to Osteoblasts
80
what are foramina
large channels found in large bones
81
what do foramina do
```
increase
-blood
-lymph
-nerve
supply to the bone tissue
```
82
what can foramina be possibly found on
radiograph
83
what are Pneumatic bones
hollow bones found in birds
84
4 basic bone shapes
- long
- flat
- long
- irregular
85
what is a long bone
a bone thats Longer than it is wide
86
long bone example
femur
| humerus
87
what is a short bone
a bone that is Short, kind of block like
88
short bone example
- carpal
| - tarsal
89
what is a flat bone
a bone that is flat and thin
90
flat bone example
- Pelvis
| - Scapula
91
irregular bone examples
- Vertebrae
- Maxilla (upper jaw)
- Mandible (lower jaw)
- Sacrum (tailbone)
92
what in general does bone marrow do
Fills the spaces within bones
93
types of bone marrow (2)
- red
| - yellow
94
what is haematopoiesis
blood production
95
what types of animals have lots of red marrow
Predominant in young animals
96
what is red marrow responsible for
all blood cell formation
97
what do red blood cells do
carry oxygen
98
what do white blood cells do
get rid of bacteria, viruses
99
what do platelets do
clot blood
100
where can red marrow be found in older animals
normally confined to the ends of long bones and in larger bones such as the pelvic and breast bone (sternum)
101
what type of animals have lots of yellow bone marrow
adult animals
102
what does yellow bone marrow contain
connective tissue
| adipose (fat)
103
what is the condyle
round articular surface
104
what is the hard of the bone
spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone
105
what is a facet
flat articular surface
106
what is an articular surface
Smooth areas of compact bone that come in contact with smooth surfaces of another bone
107
what are Articular surfaces covered with
hyaline cartilage
108
what do articular surface form and ex
forms joints
| EX. knee (stifle)
109
where to find condyles
Distal and proximal ends of the Femur
| and Humerus
110
where can facet joints be found
vertebrae
111
what are processes
Projections off a bone surface
112
example of a process
spine of the scapula
113
synarthroses joints
- “fibrous joints”
| - immoveable: structures of the skull bones
114
amphiarthroses joints
- “cartilaginous joints”
| - slightly moveable: pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis
115
diarthroses joints
- “synovial joints”
| - moveable: shoulder, hip, stifle, elbow, carpus
116
4 types of synovial joints
- Hinge joints
- Gliding joints
- Pivot joint
- Ball and socket joint
117
where do hinge joints exist
Hinge joints are formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend.
118
hinge joint examples
elbow, stifle, digits
119
another name for gliding joint
plane or planar
120
where are gliding joints formed
formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces
121
which ways can gliding joints glide
up and down, left and right, and diagonally.
122
how do gliding joints work
allow the bones to glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint
123
gliding joint examples
carpus
| tarsus
124
another name for pivot joint
rotary joint trochoid joint
125
diarthrosis
freely moveable joint
126
examples of pivot joints
atlas (c1) axis (c2)
127
examples of ball and socket joints
shoulder
| hip
128
flexion
Decrease angle between bones
129
Extension
Increase angle between bones
130
adduction
Movement of an extremity toward the median plane
131
Abduction
Movement of an extremity away from the median plane
132
Circumduction
Movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle
133
5 parts of the Integumentary System
- Skin
- Hair
- Horns
- Claws/Nails
- Hooves
134
primary job of the Integumentary System
protection
135
what is the largest organ in your body
skin
136
how much body weight does your skin make up
15% +
137
5 Functions of the Integumentary system
- Protection of the body
- Houses sensory receptors
- Regulates body temperature
- Produces Vitamin D
- Secretes and excretes
138
what does the skin secrete and how
- natural oils
| - through the glands of the skin
139
what does the skin excrete and how
- waste substance
| - through the glands of the skin
140
is the skin continuous with mucous membranes of the body
yes
141
what is keratin
a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns
142
what is important to note about surface skin and hair
it is keratinized
143
surface skin is ______
dead
144
the closer you get to the surface of the _____ the ______ it is
skin
| deader
145
what else does the skin do
store nutrients
146
is skin all one thickness
NO
| - related to area of the body and species
147
where are the youngest skin cells found
hypodermis
148
layer of skin in order from the outer most layer
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
149
what is a Sebaceous Gland
oil gland
150
describing words for the epidermis
- Relatively thin
| - tough
151
avascular means
no blood supply
152
what is diffusion
molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration so that it balances
153
what is the outer most layer of the epidermis called
stratum corneum
154
how much skin thickness does the stratum corneum account for
75%
155
what does the stratum corneum do
prevents most bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances from entering the body
156
is the stratum corneum waterproof
yes
157
where would you find melanocytes
deep in the epidermis
158
what do melanocytes produce
produce the pigment melanin
159
what is the main task of melanin
melanin’s primary function is to filter out ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.
160
what is melanin responsible for
skin colour
161
how does the epidermis receiver nutrients
Receives nutrients via diffusion from the dermis
162
why do the epidermal cells become Keratinized
These cells are actively dividing and push cells up from the basal layer to the surface which makes them lose their cell integrity
163
what is the dermis made of
made mostly of collagen and elastin
164
what is the dermis
thick layer of connective tissue fibres
165
with the dermis our skin is ______ and ________
strong
| flexible
166
what does the dermis contain (5)
contains:
- nerve endings
- sweat glands
- oil (sebaceous) glands
- hair follicles
- blood vessels
167
what are Nerve endings responsible for (4)
pain
touch
pressure
temperature
168
what do sweat gland do
evaporation to cool off the body
169
what do sebaceous glands do
secrete sebum into the hair follicles
170
what do hair follicles do (3)
- regulate body temperature
- protection from injury
- enhancing sensation
171
what are blood vessels responsible for (2)
-nutrients to skin -temperature regulation
172
what is the Hypodermis composed of
areolar tissue
173
what does the areolar tissue contain
- blood and lymph vessels,
| - nerves and fat tissue
174
the ________ is _________ with the ________
hypodermis
contiguous (touching, sharing a border)
dermis
175
what are found in the hypodermic
Deep touch/pain receptors
176
what is sarcastic mange caused by
caused by a Sarcoptes mite
177
main symptom of Sarcoptic mange
very itchy and uncomfortable for the animal
178
what is very important to remember about sarcastic mange
very contagious between hosts and is zoonotic
179
what is Demodectic mange caused by
caused by a Demodex mite
180
what does demodectic mange look like
animal will have localized crusty, red, hairless patches
181
can you be itchy with demodectic mange
yes but not always
182
where do the Demodex mites normally live
these mites live normally on animals and people in hair follicles
183
what kind of animals may get Demodectic mange
generally immune compromised animals affected
184
2 other names for the circulatory system
cardiovascular system or the vascular system
185
what are two different systems with in the circulatory system
cardiovascular system
| lymphatic system
186
are the cardiovascular systems of mammals open or closed
closed
187
what is a closed cardiovascular system
the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels
188
is the lymphatic system open or closed
open
189
what do open circulatory systems use instead of blood
hemolymph
190
pulmonary circulation does what
a "loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated
191
systematic circulation does what
"loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood.
192
4 parts of blood
- plasma
- (RBCs)
- (WBCs)
- platelets
193
arteries have ______ pressure ______ volume
high pressure
| low volume
194
veins have ______ pressure ______ volume
low pressure
| high volume
195
what do veins do
carry oxygen-poor blood back from the body to the heart
196
what do arteries do
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body
197
artery exception
Pulmonary artery carries de-oxygenated blood
198
vein exception
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
199
capillaries are the ______ of the bodies vessels
smallest
200
how thick are capillaries
1 cell thick
201
what do capillaries do
are the sites of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues in the body
202
what do capillaries collect fro return to the veins
collect carbon dioxide waste materials and fluids for return to the veins.
203
how many chambers do Mammalian hearts have
4 separated by a septum
204
what are the upper heart chambers called
atria (atriums)
205
what do the atria do
(receive venous blood coming into the heart
206
what are the lower heart chambers called
ventricles
207
what do the ventricles do
pump atrial blood away from the heart
208
what is the heart surrounded by
a tough, fibrous covering known as the pericardium
209
is the pericardium elastic
no it is non-elastic
210
musculature in the heart is thicker in which chambers
ventricles
211
non-mammals and amphibians have ___ chambers
3
212
crocodiles and birds have ___ chambers
4
213
why is there more muscle in the ventricles
because they pump blood throughout the body and lungs.
214
veins have what kind of walls
thin elastic muscular wall
215
arteries have what kind of walls
thick elastic muscular wall
216
how much of the total blood volume is carried by the pulmonary system
15%
217
how much of the total blood volume is carried by the heart
5%
218
how much of the total blood volume is carried by the venous system
65%
219
how much of the total blood volume is carried by the arterial system
10%
220
how much of the total blood volume is carried by the capillary beds
5%
221
which system carries the most amount of blood volume
venous system carries the majority of the blood in the systemic vascular system (65%)
222
how many layers do arteries have
3
223
artery outer layer
fibrous
224
Avery middle layer is composed of what (2)
- smooth muscle
| - elastic connective tissue
225
what is Arterial constriction and dilation controlled by
the autonomic nervous system
226
what is the inner layer of an artery called
endothelium
227
what can veins be compared to
Veins are essentially thin walled arteries
228
as vein get smaller what happens
the smaller the vein, the less smooth muscle there is in the walls
229
why do arteries have more smooth muscle
because eateries have high pressure
230
do veins have valves
Yes, large veins have valves to prevent back flow
231
normal dog heart beat in dogs over 25 KG and under 25 KG
Under 25 kg: 70-100 bpm
| Over 25 kg: 90-160 bpm
232
normal cat heart rate
150-220 bpm
233
2 reason for Bradycardia
- anesthesia
| - disease
234
what is Bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate
235
what is Tachycardia
abnormally fast heart rate
236
what is another name for the Lub
S1
237
what comes first Lub or dub
lub
238
what is the Lub caused by
caused by turbulence caused by the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole
239
what is another name for dub
S2
240
what is the dub caused by
caused by the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves, marking the end of systole
241
what are the 5 waves of the ECG
PQRST
242
2 common monitoring devices
- Multiparameter Unit
| - Sphygmomanometer
243
what is the top number on the blood pressure reading
systolic pressure
244
what does the systolic pressure represent
the amount of pressure in your arteries during contraction of your heart muscle (ventricular contraction)
245
what does the diastolic pressure represent
refers to your blood pressure when your heart muscle is between beats (ventricular relaxation).
246
what is the bottom number on the blood pressure reading
diastolic pressure
247
normal systolic pressure in cats and dogs (top #)
110-160 mm of mercury
248
normal diastolic pressure in cats and dogs (bottom #)
60-90 mm of. mercury
249
normal MAP range
85-120 mm of mercury
250
what is MAP
defined as the average pressure in a patient's arteries during one cardiac cycle
251
which is better MAP or systolic blood pressure
MAP
252
what does MAP stand for
mean arterial pressure
253
what does the tricuspid valve do when its closed
Closes off the upper right chamber (or atrium)
| that holds blood coming in from the body.
254
what does the tricuspid valve do when it opens
Opens to allow blood to flow from the top right
chamber to the lower right chamber (or from right
atrium to right ventricle).
255
what is the tricuspid valves most important job
Prevents the back flow of blood from the ventricle
to the atrium when blood is pumped out of the
ventricle.
256
what does the pulmonary valve do when its closed
Closes off the lower right chamber (or right ventricle).
257
what does the pulmonary valve do when it opens
Opens to allow blood to be pumped from the heart to the lungs (through the pulmonary artery) where it will receive oxygen
258
what does the mitral valve do when its closed
Closes off the upper left chamber (or left atrium) collecting the oxygen-rich blood coming in from the lungs.
259
what does the aortic valve do when it closes
Closes off the lower left chamber that holds the oxygen-rich blood before it is pumped out to the body.
260
what does the aortic valve do when it opens
Opens to allow blood to leave the heart (from the left ventricle to the aorta and on to the body).
