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VAP Lab and Lecture > Test 1 (Lectures 1-4) COPY > Flashcards

Test 1 (Lectures 1-4) COPY Flashcards

1
Q

what is physiology

A

the relationship of form (appearance) and function (action).

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2
Q

what is unique about dog vs cat hearts

A

dogs have a much larger heart than cats

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3
Q

what does the larger heart in the dog allow

A

higher level of endurance

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4
Q

what does the cardiovascular /circulatory system do

A

Circulatesbloodaround the body via theheart,arteriesandveins, deliveringoxygenand nutrients to organs and cells and carrying their waste products away.

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5
Q

what does the Digestive system/Excretory system do

A

Mechanical and chemical processes that provide nutrients via themouth,esophagus,stomachandintestines.
Eliminates waste from the body.

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6
Q

what does the Endocrine system do

A

Provides chemical communications within the body usinghormones

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7
Q

what does the Integumentary system/Exocrine system include (5)

A 
Skin
hair
nails
sweat
other exocrine glands
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8
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

The system comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid calledlymph

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9
Q

what does the immune system do

A

Defends the body against disease-causing agents

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10
Q

what does the muscular system do

A

Enables the body to move usingmuscles

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11
Q

what does the nervous system do

A

Collects and processes information from thesensesvianervesand thebrainand tells themusclesto contract to cause physical actions.

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12
Q

what does the renal/urinary system do

A

The system where thekidneysfilter blood

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13
Q

what does the reproductive system do

A

Thesex organsrequired for the production ofoffspring

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14
Q

what does the respiratory system do

A

Thelungsand thetracheathat bring air into the body

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15
Q

what does the skeletal system do

A

Bonessupporting the body and itsorgans.

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16
Q

what does the sagittal plane divide

A

left and right

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17
Q

what does the transverse plane divide

A

front and back

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18
Q

2 other names for frontal plane

A
  • dorsal

- coronal

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19
Q

what does the frontal plane divide

A

divides top and bottom

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20
Q

directional terms: cranial

A

towards the head

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21
Q

directional terms:

Rostral

A

towards the nose (head only)

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22
Q

directional terms: Caudal

A

towards the tail

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23
Q

directional terms:

Dorsal

A

toward the back

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24
Q

directional terms:

Ventral

A

toward the belly

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25
Q

directional terms:

Medial

A

towards the middle

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26
Q

directional terms:

Lateral

A

away from the middle (outside)

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27
Q

directional terms: Proximal

A

towards the trunk

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28
Q

directional terms:

Distal

A

away from the trunk

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29
Q

directional terms: dorsal (foot/paw)

A

front of paw

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30
Q

directional terms: palmer (foot/paw)

A

back of fore limb paw

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31
Q

directional terms: planter (foot/paw)

A

back of rear limb paw

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32
Q

what does the dorsal body cavity contain (3)

A 
brain  
spinal cord (CNS) vertebrae
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33
Q

what does the ventral body cavity include (what other 2 cavity’s)

A
  • chest (thoracic cavity)

- abdomen (abdominal cavity)

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34
Q

what does the ventral body cavity contain

A

contains the soft organs or viscera

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35
Q

what is in the pleural cavity

A

heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels

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36
Q

what covers the organs of the thoracic cavity

A

membrane of pleurem

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37
Q

what membrane similar to the pleurem covers covers the abdominal organs

A

peritoneum

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38
Q

what is the second layer that covers both the thoracic and abdominal cavities called

A

parietal

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39
Q

what is Pleuritis

A

inflammation of the pleurum

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40
Q

what is peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

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41
Q

first hardest substance in the body

A

enamel

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42
Q

second hardest substance in the body

A

bone

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43
Q

what is bone

A

Living tissue composed of cells and a soft matrix that hardens when deposits of calcium and phosphate are “laid down”

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44
Q

what are Bone producing cells called

A

osteoblasts

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45
Q

what do the osteoblasts do

A

cells are responsible for the secretion of the bone matrix (bone building)

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46
Q

what is the matrix

A

a mixture of collagen fibres and a protein/carbohydrate complex

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47
Q

what is Endochondral ossification

A

cartilage replacement

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48
Q

is Endochondral ossification common

A

yes

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49
Q

what happens during Endochondral ossification

A

occurs when cartilaginous templates (rods of cartilage) are substituted by bone

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50
Q

when does Endochondral ossification normally take place

A

in fetal development

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51
Q

where does bone typically develop first

A

along the shaft (middle)

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52
Q

what is the name of the process when bone develops on the shaft

A

diaphysis

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53
Q

after bone develops completely on the shaft where does it develop next and what is that called

A
  • at the ends of the bone

- epiphysis

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54
Q

where does intramembranous ossification mostly take place

A

brain

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55
Q

what kind bone does intramembranous ossification form

A
  • form the bones of the skull

- skull plates

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56
Q

what kind of bone do Both endochondral and intramembranous ossification produce

A

immature bone

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57
Q

what are the functions of bones (5)

A
  • Support of soft tissue and organs
  • Protection of vital tissue and organs
  • Leverage and actuation
  • Storage
  • Blood cell formation
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58
Q

name 2 bones that protect vital organs

A

ribs

skull

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59
Q

name a mineral that bones store

A

calcium

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60
Q

what do bone allow to attach to them

A

attachment points for tendons and muscles

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61
Q

what is Calcitonin

A

a thyroid hormone

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62
Q

what does Calcitonin do

A

it deposits calcium in the bone

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63
Q

what does the Parathyroid hormone do

A

removes calcium from the bone

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64
Q

what 2 hormones control calcium levels

A
  • Calcitonin

- Parathyroid

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65
Q

describe cancellous bone

A

light and spongy

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66
Q

describe compact bone

A

dense and heavy

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67
Q

what can be seen in cancellous bone

A

Tiny “spicules” of bone that appear randomly arranged

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68
Q

where can bone marrow be found in cancellous bone

A

Spaces between the spicules

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69
Q

cancellous bones are _____ but _____

A

strong

light

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70
Q

where is compact bone deposited

A

areas requiring greater strength

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71
Q

where can compact bone be found

A
  • Shafts of long bones (limbs)

- outside layer of all bones

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72
Q

what membrane covers the bone

A

periosteum

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73
Q

where is the periosteum not found

A

on articular surfaces

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74
Q

what is the outer layer of periosteum composed of

A

fibrous tissue

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75
Q

what is the inner layer of the periosteum called

A

endosteum

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76
Q

what does the endosteum contain and why

A

contains osteoblasts

– for increasing bone width and fracture repair

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77
Q

what do Osteoclasts do (3)

A
  • break down bone
  • release calcium
  • remove/remodel
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78
Q

what are Mature osteoblasts which no longer produce bone called

A

osteocytes

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79
Q

what is unique about osteocytes

A

depending on the need, they can revert back to Osteoblasts

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80
Q

what are foramina

A

large channels found in large bones

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81
Q

what do foramina do

A 
increase 
-blood
-lymph 
-nerve 
supply to the bone tissue
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82
Q

what can foramina be possibly found on

A

radiograph

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83
Q

what are Pneumatic bones

A

hollow bones found in birds

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84
Q

4 basic bone shapes

A
  • long
  • flat
  • long
  • irregular
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85
Q

what is a long bone

A

a bone thats Longer than it is wide

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86
Q

long bone example

A

femur

humerus

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87
Q

what is a short bone

A

a bone that is Short, kind of block like

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88
Q

short bone example

A
  • carpal

- tarsal

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89
Q

what is a flat bone

A

a bone that is flat and thin

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90
Q

flat bone example

A
  • Pelvis

- Scapula

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91
Q

irregular bone examples

A
  • Vertebrae
  • Maxilla (upper jaw)
  • Mandible (lower jaw)
  • Sacrum (tailbone)
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92
Q

what in general does bone marrow do

A

Fills the spaces within bones

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93
Q

types of bone marrow (2)

A
  • red

- yellow

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94
Q

what is haematopoiesis

A

blood production

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95
Q

what types of animals have lots of red marrow

A

Predominant in young animals

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96
Q

what is red marrow responsible for

A

all blood cell formation

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97
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

carry oxygen

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98
Q

what do white blood cells do

A

get rid of bacteria, viruses

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99
Q

what do platelets do

A

clot blood

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100
Q

where can red marrow be found in older animals

A

normally confined to the ends of long bones and in larger bones such as the pelvic and breast bone (sternum)

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101
Q

what type of animals have lots of yellow bone marrow

A

adult animals

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102
Q

what does yellow bone marrow contain

A

connective tissue

adipose (fat)

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103
Q

what is the condyle

A

round articular surface

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104
Q

what is the hard of the bone

A

spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone

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105
Q

what is a facet

A

flat articular surface

106
Q

what is an articular surface

A

Smooth areas of compact bone that come in contact with smooth surfaces of another bone

107
Q

what are Articular surfaces covered with

A

hyaline cartilage

108
Q

what do articular surface form and ex

A

forms joints

EX. knee (stifle)

109
Q

where to find condyles

A

Distal and proximal ends of the Femur

and Humerus

110
Q

where can facet joints be found

A

vertebrae

111
Q

what are processes

A

Projections off a bone surface

112
Q

example of a process

A

spine of the scapula

113
Q

synarthroses joints

A
  • “fibrous joints”

- immoveable: structures of the skull bones

114
Q

amphiarthroses joints

A
  • “cartilaginous joints”

- slightly moveable: pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis

115
Q

diarthroses joints

A
  • “synovial joints”

- moveable: shoulder, hip, stifle, elbow, carpus

116
Q

4 types of synovial joints

A
  • Hinge joints
  • Gliding joints
  • Pivot joint
  • Ball and socket joint
117
Q

where do hinge joints exist

A

Hinge jointsare formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend.

118
Q

hinge joint examples

A

elbow, stifle, digits

119
Q

another name for gliding joint

A

plane or planar

120
Q

where are gliding joints formed

A

formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces

121
Q

which ways can gliding joints glide

A

up and down, left and right, and diagonally.

122
Q

how do gliding joints work

A

allow the bones to glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint

123
Q

gliding joint examples

A

carpus

tarsus

124
Q

another name for pivot joint

A

rotaryjoint trochoidjoint

125
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely moveablejoint

126
Q

examples of pivot joints

A

atlas (c1) axis (c2)

127
Q

examples of ball and socket joints

A

shoulder

hip

128
Q

flexion

A

Decrease angle between bones

129
Q

Extension

A

Increase angle between bones

130
Q

adduction

A

Movement of an extremity toward the median plane

131
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of an extremity away from the median plane

132
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle

133
Q

5 parts of the Integumentary System

A
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Horns
  • Claws/Nails
  • Hooves
134
Q

primary job of the Integumentary System

A

protection

135
Q

what is the largest organ in your body

A

skin

136
Q

how much body weight does your skin make up

A

15% +

137
Q

5 Functions of the Integumentary system

A
  • Protection of the body
  • Houses sensory receptors
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Produces Vitamin D
  • Secretes and excretes
138
Q

what does the skin secrete and how

A
  • natural oils

- through the glands of the skin

139
Q

what does the skin excrete and how

A
  • waste substance

- through the glands of the skin

140
Q

is the skin continuous with mucous membranes of the body

A

yes

141
Q

what is keratin

A

a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns

142
Q

what is important to note about surface skin and hair

A

it is keratinized

143
Q

surface skin is ______

A

dead

144
Q

the closer you get to the surface of the _____ the ______ it is

A

skin

deader

145
Q

what else does the skin do

A

store nutrients

146
Q

is skin all one thickness

A

NO

- related to area of the body and species

147
Q

where are the youngest skin cells found

A

hypodermis

148
Q

layer of skin in order from the outer most layer

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

149
Q

what is a Sebaceous Gland

A

oil gland

150
Q

describing words for the epidermis

A
  • Relatively thin

- tough

151
Q

avascular means

A

no blood supply

152
Q

what is diffusion

A

molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration so that it balances

153
Q

what is the outer most layer of the epidermis called

A

stratum corneum

154
Q

how much skin thickness does the stratum corneum account for

A

75%

155
Q

what does the stratum corneum do

A

prevents most bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances from entering the body

156
Q

is the stratum corneum waterproof

A

yes

157
Q

where would you find melanocytes

A

deep in the epidermis

158
Q

what do melanocytes produce

A

produce the pigment melanin

159
Q

what is the main task of melanin

A

melanin’s primary function is to filter out ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.

160
Q

what is melanin responsible for

A

skin colour

161
Q

how does the epidermis receiver nutrients

A

Receives nutrients via diffusion from the dermis

162
Q

why do the epidermal cells become Keratinized

A

These cells are actively dividing and push cells up from the basal layer to the surface which makes them lose their cell integrity

163
Q

what is the dermis made of

A

made mostly of collagen and elastin

164
Q

what is the dermis

A

thick layer of connective tissue fibres

165
Q

with the dermis our skin is ______ and ________

A

strong

flexible

166
Q

what does the dermis contain (5)

A

contains:

  • nerve endings
  • sweat glands
  • oil (sebaceous) glands
  • hair follicles
  • blood vessels
167
Q

what are Nerve endings responsible for (4)

A

pain
touch
pressure
temperature

168
Q

what do sweat gland do

A

evaporation to cool off the body

169
Q

what do sebaceous glands do

A

secrete sebum into the hair follicles

170
Q

what do hair follicles do (3)

A
  • regulate body temperature
  • protection from injury
  • enhancing sensation
171
Q

what are blood vessels responsible for (2)

A

-nutrients to skin -temperature regulation

172
Q

what is the Hypodermis composed of

A

areolar tissue

173
Q

what does the areolar tissue contain

A
  • blood and lymph vessels,

- nerves and fat tissue

174
Q

the ________ is _________ with the ________

A

hypodermis
contiguous (touching, sharing a border)
dermis

175
Q

what are found in the hypodermic

A

Deep touch/pain receptors

176
Q

what is sarcastic mange caused by

A

caused by a Sarcoptes mite

177
Q

main symptom of Sarcoptic mange

A

very itchy and uncomfortable for the animal

178
Q

what is very important to remember about sarcastic mange

A

very contagious between hosts and is zoonotic

179
Q

what is Demodectic mange caused by

A

caused by a Demodex mite

180
Q

what does demodectic mange look like

A

animal will have localized crusty, red, hairless patches

181
Q

can you be itchy with demodectic mange

A

yes but not always

182
Q

where do the Demodex mites normally live

A

these mites live normally on animals and people in hair follicles

183
Q

what kind of animals may get Demodectic mange

A

generally immune compromised animals affected

184
Q

2 other names for the circulatory system

A

cardiovascular systemor thevascular system

185
Q

what are two different systems with in the circulatory system

A

cardiovascular system

lymphatic system

186
Q

are the cardiovascular systems of mammals open or closed

A

closed

187
Q

what is a closed cardiovascular system

A

the blood never leaves the network ofblood vessels

188
Q

is the lymphatic system open or closed

A

open

189
Q

what do open circulatory systems use instead of blood

A

hemolymph

190
Q

pulmonary circulation does what

A

a “loop” through thelungswhere blood is oxygenated

191
Q

systematic circulation does what

A

“loop” through the rest of the body to provideoxygenated blood.

192
Q

4 parts of blood

A
  • plasma
  • (RBCs)
  • (WBCs)
  • platelets
193
Q

arteries have ______ pressure ______ volume

A

high pressure

low volume

194
Q

veins have ______ pressure ______ volume

A

low pressure

high volume

195
Q

what do veins do

A

carry oxygen-poorbloodback from the body to the heart

196
Q

what do arteries do

A

carry oxygenatedbloodaway from theheartto the body

197
Q

artery exception

A

Pulmonary artery carries de-oxygenated blood

198
Q

vein exception

A

Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood

199
Q

capillaries are the ______ of the bodies vessels

A

smallest

200
Q

how thick are capillaries

A

1 cell thick

201
Q

what do capillaries do

A

are the sites of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues in the body

202
Q

what do capillaries collect fro return to the veins

A

collect carbon dioxide waste materials and fluids for return to the veins.

203
Q

how many chambers do Mammalian hearts have

A

4 separated by a septum

204
Q

what are the upper heart chambers called

A

atria (atriums)

205
Q

what do the atria do

A

(receive venous blood coming into the heart

206
Q

what are the lower heart chambers called

A

ventricles

207
Q

what do the ventricles do

A

pump atrial blood away from the heart

208
Q

what is the heart surrounded by

A

a tough, fibrous covering known as the pericardium

209
Q

is the pericardium elastic

A

no it is non-elastic

210
Q

musculature in the heart is thicker in which chambers

A

ventricles

211
Q

non-mammals and amphibians have ___ chambers

A

3

212
Q

crocodiles and birds have ___ chambers

A

4

213
Q

why is there more muscle in the ventricles

A

because they pump blood throughout the body and lungs.

214
Q

veins have what kind of walls

A

thin elastic muscular wall

215
Q

arteries have what kind of walls

A

thick elastic muscular wall

216
Q

how much of the total blood volume is carried by the pulmonary system

A

15%

217
Q

how much of the total blood volume is carried by the heart

A

5%

218
Q

how much of the total blood volume is carried by the venous system

A

65%

219
Q

how much of the total blood volume is carried by the arterial system

A

10%

220
Q

how much of the total blood volume is carried by the capillary beds

A

5%

221
Q

which system carries the most amount of blood volume

A

venous system carries the majority of the blood in the systemic vascular system (65%)

222
Q

how many layers do arteries have

A

3

223
Q

artery outer layer

A

fibrous

224
Q

Avery middle layer is composed of what (2)

A
  • smooth muscle

- elastic connective tissue

225
Q

what is Arterial constriction and dilation controlled by

A

the autonomic nervous system

226
Q

what is the inner layer of an artery called

A

endothelium

227
Q

what can veins be compared to

A

Veins are essentially thin walled arteries

228
Q

as vein get smaller what happens

A

the smaller the vein, the less smooth muscle there is in the walls

229
Q

why do arteries have more smooth muscle

A

because eateries have high pressure

230
Q

do veins have valves

A

Yes, large veins have valves to prevent back flow

231
Q

normal dog heart beat in dogs over 25 KG and under 25 KG

A

Under 25 kg: 70-100 bpm

Over 25 kg: 90-160 bpm

232
Q

normal cat heart rate

A

150-220 bpm

233
Q

2 reason for Bradycardia

A
  • anesthesia

- disease

234
Q

what is Bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heart rate

235
Q

what is Tachycardia

A

abnormally fast heart rate

236
Q

what is another name for the Lub

A

S1

237
Q

what comes first Lub or dub

A

lub

238
Q

what is the Lub caused by

A

caused by turbulence caused by the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole

239
Q

what is another name for dub

A

S2

240
Q

what is the dub caused by

A

caused by the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves, marking the end of systole

241
Q

what are the 5 waves of the ECG

A

PQRST

242
Q

2 common monitoring devices

A
  • Multiparameter Unit

- Sphygmomanometer

243
Q

what is the top number on the blood pressure reading

A

systolic pressure

244
Q

what does the systolic pressure represent

A

the amount of pressure in your arteries during contraction of your heart muscle (ventricular contraction)

245
Q

what does the diastolic pressure represent

A

refers to your blood pressure when your heart muscle is between beats (ventricular relaxation).

246
Q

what is the bottom number on the blood pressure reading

A

diastolic pressure

247
Q

normal systolic pressure in cats and dogs (top #)

A

110-160 mm of mercury

248
Q

normal diastolic pressure in cats and dogs (bottom #)

A

60-90 mm of. mercury

249
Q

normal MAP range

A

85-120 mm of mercury

250
Q

what is MAP

A

defined as the averagepressurein a patient’s arteries during one cardiac cycle

251
Q

which is better MAP or systolic blood pressure

A

MAP

252
Q

what does MAP stand for

A

mean arterial pressure

253
Q

what does the tricuspid valve do when its closed

A

Closes off the upper right chamber (or atrium)

that holds blood coming in from the body.

254
Q

what does the tricuspid valve do when it opens

A

Opens to allow blood to flow from the top right
chamber to the lower right chamber (or from right
atrium to right ventricle).

255
Q

what is the tricuspid valves most important job

A

Prevents the back flow of blood from the ventricle
to the atrium when blood is pumped out of the
ventricle.

256
Q

what does the pulmonary valve do when its closed

A

Closes off the lower right chamber (or right ventricle).

257
Q

what does the pulmonary valve do when it opens

A

Opens to allow blood to be pumped from the heart to the lungs (through the pulmonary artery) where it will receive oxygen

258
Q

what does the mitral valve do when its closed

A

Closes off the upper left chamber (or left atrium) collecting the oxygen-rich blood coming in from the lungs.

259
Q

what does the aortic valve do when it closes

A

Closes off the lower left chamber that holds the oxygen-rich blood before it is pumped out to the body.

260
Q

what does the aortic valve do when it opens

A

Opens to allow blood to leave the heart (from the left ventricle to the aorta and on to the body).

VAP Lab and Lecture (7 decks)

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