QUIZ 1 (Lectures 1-2) Flashcards
bone is the _________ hardest substance in the body
second
5 bone functions
- Support
- Protection
- Leverage
- Storage
- Blood cell formation
cancellous bone
light and spongy
compact bone
dense and heavy
What does cancellous bone look like
Tiny “spicules” of bone that appear randomly arranged
where is bone marrow found
Spaces between the spicules
where is compact bone found
Shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones
what is the periosteum
membrane that covers outer surfaces of bones
the periosteum outer layer is composed of ________
fibrous tissues
what does the inner layer of periosteum contain
otesblasts
where can you not find periosteum
articular surfaces (points of contact)
osteoblasts
cells that produce bone
osteoclasts
remodel/remove bone
Five bone shapes
Long Short Flat Irregular Pneumatic
long bone
- longer than wide
- femur, humorous
short bone
- short (block like)
- carpal, tarsal
flat bone
- flat and thin
- pelvis, ribs, scapula
irregular
- vertebrae
red bone marrow
responsible for all blood cell formation (RBC, WBC, plat)
red blood cells
carry oxygen
white blood cells
get rid of bacteria, viruses
platelets
blood clotting
yellow bone marrow
Contains large quantities of connective tissue, primarily adipose (fat)
how many bones in the human
206
how many bones in the dog
319
how many bones in the cat
230
what is different about dog bones
- dogs have disconnected shoulder bones with allow them to get a greater range of motion when running
- they also do not have a collarbone for the same reason
what is different about cat bones
- between their vertebrae, they have elastic discs, useful for cushioning the jump landings
- extra extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae make them more flexible
what is a part of the axial Skelton
SKULL SPINAL COLUMN RIBS STERNUM HYOID BONE
how many Cervical Vertebrae
7
how many Thoracic Vertebrae
13
how many Lumbar Vertebrae
7
how many Sacral Vertebrae
3
how many Coccygeal Vertebrae
dogs: 20-30
cats: 5-23
what is the rib rule
The number of thoracic vertebrae an animal has = the number of ribs it has!
what makes up the appendicular skeleton
Made of the main appendages of the body
name 5 parts of the Appendicular Skeleton
Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal Bones Patella Tibia Fibula
synarthroses joints
- fibrous joints
- immoveable: sutures of the skull bones
Amphiarthroses joint
- cartilaginous joints
- slightly moveable: pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis
Diarthroses
- synovial joints
- moveable: shoulder, hip, stifle, elbow, carpu
types of synovial joints
- Hinge joints
- Gliding joints
- Pivot joint
- Ball and socket joint
hinge joint ex
elbow
gliding joint ex
carpus
pivot joint ex
C1 and C2
ball and socket joint ex
shoulder
adduction
Movement of an extremity toward the median plane
abduction
Movement of an extremity away from the median plane
internal fixation
- Surgery under anesthesia
- Pins, screws, plates, wires
external
- Usually placed while under anesthesia
- Casts, splints, slings
thomas splint uses
fractures of tib and fib
what is Robert jones bandage
- Padded pressure bandage
- Provides immobilization because of compression of the thick cotton secondary layer
- Reduces post-operative swelling
healing time for small or young animals
Might take a couple weeks
healing time for large or older animals
Might take a couple months or even several months
in the case of a fracture what do osteoclasts do
Bone remodeling returns bone to original shape and strength
what are healing cells called
osteoblasts
what do osteoblasts do in the case of a fracture
- form healing tissue called a callus
- Callus bridges the fracture gap
where is DNA found?
nucleus
what is a eukaryote?
an organism made of cells where the genetic material is DNA
what is a eukaryocite
- type of cell
- which build into a eukaryote
what is a cell
functional unit of living eukaryotic organisms
which is a more simple cell a prokaryote or a eukaryote
prokaryote
ex of prokaryote
bacteria
what cell does not have a nucleus
red blood cells
what is a group of specialized cells called
tissue
what are the four types of tissue and what they do
- Nerves – transmit information (sensory and regulatory)
- Muscle – body movement (inside and outside)
- Epithelial – covers body (lines surfaces)
- Connective – connects and provides support
what is a group of tissues called
organ
what is anything inside of a cell referred to
intracellular
what is anything outside of a cell referred to
extracellular
what does acidic mean
- a lot of positively charged ions
what does basic mean
- a lot of negatively charged ions
do animal cells have a cell wall
no
what is a group of organs called
system
what kind of cells have a wall
plant (makes digestion harder)
cell size
10-30 um
what is homeostasis
- Maintenance of good health
- optimal condition
- can help your body get back to normal (shivering when your cold)
what does homeostasis involve (3)
- regulation of body temperature
- pH
- nutrients
- fluids
- essential gases
- hormones
- enzymes
how much water are cells made of
75%
another name for plasma membrane
plasmalemma
what is the plasma membrane (2)
- is a protective layer
- flexible elastic barrier
what happens if the plasma membrane is damaged
if damaged, results in the disintegration of the cell and the loss of cell contents
what does the PM do
controls the movement of atoms and molecules in and out of the cell
what are PM’s made of
- globular proteins
- phospholipids
- cholesterol
- carbohydrates
what cells can pass easily through the membrane
- oxygen
- CO2
what cells have a hard time passing through the membrane
- sugar
- certain proteins
membranes have 2 parts wha are they
inner layer and outer layer separated by fluid
what is another name for ion and give 3 examples
electrolyte
- potassium
- calcium
- sodium
what do a:
1, 7, 14 indicate on a pH scale
1 - acidic
7 - neutral
14 - basic
do all molecules cross the membrane easily
no
- so will require energy to cross
what is ATP
what the molecule attaches on to to pass through the cell membrane
what is the process in which molecule attaches on to ATP to pass through the cell membrane called
active transport
diffusion is what
the process in which molecules move through the extracellular space to the intracellular space to achieve balance
endocytosis
when a larger particle is taken into a cell
ex of endocytosis
moving from intracellular to extracellular
osmosis
the movement of molecules from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane
what does diffusion refer to
cells
what does osmosis refer to
water ONLY
