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VAP Lab and Lecture > QUIZ 1 (Lectures 1-2) > Flashcards

QUIZ 1 (Lectures 1-2) Flashcards

1
Q

bone is the _________ hardest substance in the body

A

second

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2
Q

5 bone functions

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Leverage
  • Storage
  • Blood cell formation
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3
Q

cancellous bone

A

light and spongy

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4
Q

compact bone

A

dense and heavy

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5
Q

What does cancellous bone look like

A

Tiny “spicules” of bone that appear randomly arranged

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6
Q

where is bone marrow found

A

Spaces between the spicules

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7
Q

where is compact bone found

A

Shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones

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8
Q

what is the periosteum

A

membrane that covers outer surfaces of bones

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9
Q

the periosteum outer layer is composed of ________

A

fibrous tissues

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10
Q

what does the inner layer of periosteum contain

A

otesblasts

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11
Q

where can you not find periosteum

A

articular surfaces (points of contact)

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12
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that produce bone

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13
Q

osteoclasts

A

remodel/remove bone

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14
Q

Five bone shapes

A 
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Pneumatic
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15
Q

long bone

A
  • longer than wide

- femur, humorous

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16
Q

short bone

A
  • short (block like)

- carpal, tarsal

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17
Q

flat bone

A
  • flat and thin

- pelvis, ribs, scapula

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18
Q

irregular

A
  • vertebrae
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19
Q

red bone marrow

A

responsible for all blood cell formation (RBC, WBC, plat)

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20
Q

red blood cells

A

carry oxygen

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21
Q

white blood cells

A

get rid of bacteria, viruses

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22
Q

platelets

A

blood clotting

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23
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

Contains large quantities of connective tissue, primarily adipose (fat)

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24
Q

how many bones in the human

A

206

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25
Q

how many bones in the dog

A

319

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26
Q

how many bones in the cat

A

230

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27
Q

what is different about dog bones

A
  • dogs have disconnected shoulder bones with allow them to get a greater range of motion when running
  • they also do not have a collarbone for the same reason
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28
Q

what is different about cat bones

A
  • between their vertebrae, they have elastic discs, useful for cushioning the jump landings
  • extra extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae make them more flexible
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29
Q

what is a part of the axial Skelton

A 
SKULL
SPINAL COLUMN
RIBS
STERNUM
HYOID BONE
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30
Q

how many Cervical Vertebrae

A

7

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31
Q

how many Thoracic Vertebrae

A

13

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32
Q

how many Lumbar Vertebrae

A

7

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33
Q

how many Sacral Vertebrae

A

3

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34
Q

how many Coccygeal Vertebrae

A

dogs: 20-30
cats: 5-23

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35
Q

what is the rib rule

A

The number of thoracic vertebrae an animal has = the number of ribs it has!

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36
Q

what makes up the appendicular skeleton

A

Made of the main appendages of the body

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37
Q

name 5 parts of the Appendicular Skeleton

A 
Scapula
Humerus 
Radius
Ulna
Carpal Bones
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
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38
Q

synarthroses joints

A
  • fibrous joints

- immoveable: sutures of the skull bones

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39
Q

Amphiarthroses joint

A
  • cartilaginous joints

- slightly moveable: pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis

40
Q

Diarthroses

A
  • synovial joints

- moveable: shoulder, hip, stifle, elbow, carpu

41
Q

types of synovial joints

A
  • Hinge joints
  • Gliding joints
  • Pivot joint
  • Ball and socket joint
42
Q

hinge joint ex

A

elbow

43
Q

gliding joint ex

A

carpus

44
Q

pivot joint ex

A

C1 and C2

45
Q

ball and socket joint ex

A

shoulder

46
Q

adduction

A

Movement of an extremity toward the median plane

47
Q

abduction

A

Movement of an extremity away from the median plane

48
Q

internal fixation

A
  • Surgery under anesthesia

- Pins, screws, plates, wires

49
Q

external

A
  • Usually placed while under anesthesia

- Casts, splints, slings

50
Q

thomas splint uses

A

fractures of tib and fib

51
Q

what is Robert jones bandage

A
  • Padded pressure bandage
  • Provides immobilization because of compression of the thick cotton secondary layer
  • Reduces post-operative swelling
52
Q

healing time for small or young animals

A

Might take a couple weeks

53
Q

healing time for large or older animals

A

Might take a couple months or even several months

54
Q

in the case of a fracture what do osteoclasts do

A

Bone remodeling returns bone to original shape and strength

55
Q

what are healing cells called

A

osteoblasts

56
Q

what do osteoblasts do in the case of a fracture

A
  • form healing tissue called a callus

- Callus bridges the fracture gap

57
Q

where is DNA found?

A

nucleus

58
Q

what is a eukaryote?

A

an organism made of cells where the genetic material is DNA

59
Q

what is a eukaryocite

A
  • type of cell

- which build into a eukaryote

60
Q

what is a cell

A

functional unit of living eukaryotic organisms

61
Q

which is a more simple cell a prokaryote or a eukaryote

A

prokaryote

62
Q

ex of prokaryote

A

bacteria

63
Q

what cell does not have a nucleus

A

red blood cells

64
Q

what is a group of specialized cells called

A

tissue

65
Q

what are the four types of tissue and what they do

A
  • Nerves – transmit information (sensory and regulatory)
  • Muscle – body movement (inside and outside)
  • Epithelial – covers body (lines surfaces)
  • Connective – connects and provides support
66
Q

what is a group of tissues called

A

organ

67
Q

what is anything inside of a cell referred to

A

intracellular

68
Q

what is anything outside of a cell referred to

A

extracellular

69
Q

what does acidic mean

A
  • a lot of positively charged ions
70
Q

what does basic mean

A
  • a lot of negatively charged ions
71
Q

do animal cells have a cell wall

A

no

72
Q

what is a group of organs called

A

system

73
Q

what kind of cells have a wall

A

plant (makes digestion harder)

74
Q

cell size

A

10-30 um

75
Q

what is homeostasis

A
  • Maintenance of good health
  • optimal condition
  • can help your body get back to normal (shivering when your cold)
76
Q

what does homeostasis involve (3)

A
  • regulation of body temperature
  • pH
  • nutrients
  • fluids
  • essential gases
  • hormones
  • enzymes
77
Q

how much water are cells made of

A

75%

78
Q

another name for plasma membrane

A

plasmalemma

79
Q

what is the plasma membrane (2)

A
  • is a protective layer

- flexible elastic barrier

80
Q

what happens if the plasma membrane is damaged

A

if damaged, results in the disintegration of the cell and the loss of cell contents

81
Q

what does the PM do

A

controls the movement of atoms and molecules in and out of the cell

82
Q

what are PM’s made of

A
  • globular proteins
  • phospholipids
  • cholesterol
  • carbohydrates
83
Q

what cells can pass easily through the membrane

A
  • oxygen

- CO2

84
Q

what cells have a hard time passing through the membrane

A
  • sugar

- certain proteins

85
Q

membranes have 2 parts wha are they

A

inner layer and outer layer separated by fluid

86
Q

what is another name for ion and give 3 examples

A

electrolyte

  • potassium
  • calcium
  • sodium
87
Q

what do a:

1, 7, 14 indicate on a pH scale

A

1 - acidic
7 - neutral
14 - basic

88
Q

do all molecules cross the membrane easily

A

no

- so will require energy to cross

89
Q

what is ATP

A

what the molecule attaches on to to pass through the cell membrane

90
Q

what is the process in which molecule attaches on to ATP to pass through the cell membrane called

A

active transport

91
Q

diffusion is what

A

the process in which molecules move through the extracellular space to the intracellular space to achieve balance

92
Q

endocytosis

A

when a larger particle is taken into a cell

93
Q

ex of endocytosis

A

moving from intracellular to extracellular

94
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of molecules from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane

95
Q

what does diffusion refer to

A

cells

96
Q

what does osmosis refer to

A

water ONLY

VAP Lab and Lecture (7 decks)

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