Final (Lab 6-8) Flashcards
5 senses
Hearing Vision Smell Taste Touch
what is the purpose of Proprioception
Allows the animal to sense the position or orientation of one body part or another
why is unconscious sense important
important for:
- standing
- making purposeful movement
- interacting with the environment
what does unconscious sense allow the body to do
produce smooth body movements
where are proprioception receptors located (4)
- skeletal muscle
- tendons
- ligaments
- joint capsules
3 thing the equilibrium involves
- sight
- proprioception
- auditory system
what does the equilibrium mainly do
Mediate an animals ability to balance
where are the Equilibrium receptors located
in the vestibule and semi-circular canals which are in the inner ear
where are the semi-circular canals located specifically
are located on the other side of the vestibule from the cochlea
what is the structure of the semi-circular canal
membranous tube
where is the Vestibule located
between the cochlea and semi-circular canals
the vestibule has 2 spaces what are these called
Utricle and Saccule
the Utricle is filled with?
endolymph
the Saccule is filled with?
perilymph
these 2 spaces in the vestibule have something specific what is it
Both of these spaces have sensory epithelia called macula.
what are macula covered in
small hair
what do the small hairs on the macula do
relay nerve impulses back to the brain
therefore the macula is responsible for what
analysis responsible for linear motion and movement of the head
what is the macula always under
constant pressure as a result of gravity
any movement to the macula will do what
bend sensory hairs
what is the shape of the canal
Semi-circular
what are the semi circular canals filled with
cilia and endolymph
how are the canals positioned
oriented in a different plane at right angles to the other 2
when the head moves what happens within the canals
every time the head moves, the fluid will move the hairs
what is the canals main function
Help the brain orient the head’s position
what instrument is used to examine the ear
otoscope
in which breeds can Vestibular Disease occur
Small or large breed dogs
how does Vestibular Disease occur
acute onset/idiopathic
2 thing that could lead to Vestibular Disease
- trauma
- improper cleaning of the ear
5 symptoms of Vestibular Disease
- extreme to slight head tilt
- dizzy or falling down
- nausea/vomiting
- turning in circles or rolling
- Nystagmus (involuntary eye movement)
3 ways to treat Vestibular Disease
- physically examine the dogs responsiveness and eye movements
- treat vomiting, nausea, hydration levels
- treat balance and control concerns
how long does Vestibular Disease last
Typically lasts only a few days and will resolve on its own
what can happen to some dogs with Vestibular Disease
some dogs are left with a permanent head tilt
what is Aural Hematoma
Blood accumulates between the skin and the cartilage in the pinna
how does Aural Hematoma occur
- acute onset
what are some chronic causes of Aural Hematoma
- Excessive shaking or scratching as result of ear infections
- Trauma
how to treat Aural Hematoma
draining or surgery
2 instruments used to examine the eye
ophthalmoscope and tonometer
what is a good indicator of the sharpness of an animal’s eyesight
the side of the orbits in relation to the overall size of the skull
what are orbits (eye)
eye sockets
what is the rule of thumb about orbits
the larger the orbits the better the eyesight
predators have their eyes position where
forward position on skull
why are the predators eyes in that position
to give them binocular vision which allows the animal to judge distance
prey have their eyes position where
on the sides of the skull
why are the preys eyes in that position
so they have great monocular and peripheral vision which allows them to easily locate predators (can see almost in a completely circle)
how many more rod cells do cat eyes have over humans
6-8x
cat rod cells are more sensitive to what
low light
what are cones responsible for
vision in high light and variations in colour
how many more cones do humans have over cats
10x
what kind of eye shape do cats have
elliptical eye shape
the cats what ____ and _____ are much larger
corneas
tapetum
corneas and tapetum do what
a layer of tissue that may reflect light back to the retina
as well as reflecting light the tapetum does what
- shift the wavelengths of light that cats see
- making prey or other objects silhouetted against a night sky more prominent
what species have a Nictitating Membrane
Found in many animals, wild and domestic
what is the Nictitating Membrane
a third eyelid
where is the Nictitating Membrane found
between the eyelid and the eyeball
what is the Nictitating Membrane made of
a plate of cartilage and conjunctiva
how does the Nictitating Membrane move
Moves across the ocular surface of the eyeball
what does the Nictitating Membrane have
it own lacrimal gland
what does the lacrimal gland do
produce tears
purpose of the Nictitating Membrane (3)
- acts as windshield wiper removing debris
- redistributes tears over cornea
- protects from vegetation
what is a cherry eye
The third eyelid has prolapsed creating a pink mass protruding from the corner of the eye
what kind of animals can a cherry eye occur in
dog and cat typically younger
symptoms of a cherry eye
- swelling
- irritation
- pink mass in the corner of the eye
treatment of a cheery eye
requires surgery – tie down or removal
what breeds often have a problem with a cherry eye
breeds that have a short face (pugs, French bulldogs)
describe the cornea
the transparent part of the eye
what does the cornea do
- forms a cover over theirisand pupil
- admits light to the inside of the eye
2 types of ulcers
superficial or deep
when does an ulcer occur
when deeper layers of the cornea are lost
causes (4) of ulcers
- Trauma, blunt or penetrating
- Disease
- Tear deficiency
- Infection
- Can not close the eyelids completely
- Foreign body
- Burns from a chemical substance
how to diagnose an ulcer
use fluorescein stain
name 5 symptoms of corneal ulcers
- Red, painful eye
- Watery eye
- Squinting
- Sensitivity to light
- Rubbing at the eyes with a paw
- Eye may remain closed
- Discharge
- Film over the eye
what is Entropion
genetic condition in which a portion of the eyelid is inverted or folded inward
what breeds does Entropion effect
Affects all breeds and is usually diagnosed within the first year of life
Entropion treatment
surgery
causes of Entropion (2)
- facial shape
- increased or decreased tension created by ligaments on the inner eye
what can Entropion cause
an eyelash or hair to irritate and scratch the surface of the eye
when an eyelash or hair scratches the surface of the eye and the animal has Entropion what can happen
corneal ulceration or perforation
what is pigmentarykeratitis
dark-colored scar tissue that builds up over the wound
what can pigmentarykeratitis cause
may cause a decrease or loss of vision
how many kidneys are there in the urinary system
2
how many ureters are there in the urinary system
2
how many bladders are there in the urinary system
1
how many urethras are there in the urinary system
1
what is the kindness primary role
their most important role is to produce urine
what is the kidneys secondary role
absorb water and electrolytes to be used by the body
what is urine a mix of
- excess water
- electrolytes
- urea
- other wastes
what happens during the normal breakdown of protein and nucleic acids
nitrogen is released into the bloodstream
whats is some of the nitrogen used for
Some of this nitrogen is recycled to make new cellular products
the nitrogen that isn’t recycled goes where
its is disposed of as a product called urea (BUN)
what happens if the nitrogen can not be used
high levels of nitrogen in the blood can be toxic
what shape are the kidneys
round or bean-shaped organs
peritoneum
the membrane that encloses the organs of the abdominal cavity
what is anything out side of the peritoneum considered
retroperitoneal
where are the kidneys located
located outside of the peritoneum
what surround the tissue and why is it important
- A thick layer of fat surrounds the kidneys
- helps protect them from pressures exerted on them by surrounding organs
what is the kidney covered in
fibrous connective tissue capsule
a hilus is what
indented area on the medial side of the kidney
another name for hilus
renal pelvis
what is the purpose of the hilus
where blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidney
what is the outer portion of the kidney called
renal cortex
what does the renal cortex look like
- reddish brown
- rough, granular appearance
what is the inner portion around the renal pelvis called
renal medulla
what is the shape of the cortex and medulla
varies among animal species
what is the kidney made up of
of hundreds of thousands of microscopic nephrons
what are nephrons
microscopic filtering, reabsorbing and secreting systems
what is the basic functional unit of the kidney
nephron
what is the function of the nephron
- regulate concentration of water and soluble substances by filtering the blood
- reabsorbing what is needed
- excreting the waste as urine.
even if _____ of the nephrons are lost, the kidney will still function
Even if 75% of the nephrons are lost, the kidney will still function
how many kidneys do you need to live
only 1
where does the nerve supply to the kidneys come from
from the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system
are the nerves essential for kidney function
No
what do the nerves in the kidney control
control the blood flow through the glomerular capillaries
how much blood supply does the kidney use
up to 25% of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys
how often does circulating blood in the body pass through the kidney
every 4-5 minutes
what do the ureters do
continuously move urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
what are the 3 layer of the ureters
- outer fibrous layer
- middle muscle layer
- inner layer
what kind of muscle is the middle layer of the ureters made up of
smooth muscle
what is the inner layer of the ureters lined with
transitional epithelium
what happens when to the ureters when the bladder is full
the bladder collapses the opening of the ureter to prevent urine from backing up
what does the smooth layer help with
propels urine through the ureter by peristaltic contractions
what 2 parts is the urinary bladder made up of
the muscular sac and the neck
what happens to the bladder as it fills
stretches
what is the bladder lined with
transitional epithelium
what is around the neck of the bladder
circular sphincter muscles
what do the circular sphincter muscles do
provide some voluntary control over the urinary process
what are the circular sphincter muscles made up of
composed of skeletal muscle fibers
what is different about the urethra of a female compared to that of a male
- shorter, wider and straighter than that of the male
what does the urethra run through
the pelvic canal
what does the male urethra do that the female urethra does not
has a reproductive function in passing sperm and seminal fluid
purpose of the urethra
carries urine from the bladder to the external environment
what is acute kidney failure
an abrupt decline in function that occurs over a period of days
what species does acute kidney failure affect
dogs
what are the causes of acute kidney failure (4)
- ingesting toxins (antifreeze)
- certain medications
- decreased blood flow or oxygen delivery to the kidneys
- infections and urinary obstruction.
what causes chronic kidney disease
- hard to determine
- underlying illness
- congenital
- hereditary conditions
how does chronic kidney disease develop
- shows up over a period of time
- slowly
in which animals does chronic kidney disease mostly effect
mostly older animals
what is the main cause of chronic kidney failure
dental disease
why does dental disease cause chronic kidney failure
Bacteria associated with advanced dental disease enter the blood stream and invades multiple organs, causing irreversible damage to the heart, liver and kidneys.
name 4 signs and symptoms
- PU/PD
- lethargy
- loss/decreased appetite
- chemical door of the breath
- vomiting
- weight loss
- blood in the urine
- mouth ulcers
what does FLUTD stand for
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
FLUTD is not a specific disease so what is it
conditions that can affect the urinary bladder and/or urethra
what 5 types of cats that are at high risk fir FLUTD
- Middle aged cats
- Neutered cats
- Over-weight cats
- Indoor only cats
- Cats on a dry food diet
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
Pollakiuria
increased frequency or urination
Hematuria
blood in the urine
Periuria
urinating outside litter box or in inappropriate places
causes of FLUTD (5)
- Urolithiasis
- Bacterial infections
- Anatomical defects
- Neoplasia
- Idiopathic cystitis
in how many FLUTD cases do Idiopathic cystitis occur in
60-70%
signs of FLUTD
- dysuria
- pollakiuria
- hematuria
- periuria
- overgrooming
- strangria
Stranguria
strain to urinate
what is another name for a blocked cat
urethral obstruction
a blocked cat occurs more in what sex and why
- males
- longer narrower urethra
common in which type of cat
- middle aged
- dry food diet
what is the primary cause of a urethral obstruction and why
- poor diet
- changes the pH in their urine which forms crystals or stones and blocks the cat
what is a blocked cat
EMERGENCY
symptoms of a blocked cat (4)
- small frequent amount of urine
- no urine at all
- Hematuria
- abdomen is painful
treatment for a blocked cat (4)
- IV fluid
- catheterization
- meds
- change in diet
bladder stones occur in what species
dogs and cats
dog breeds prone to bladder stones (3)
Yorkies
Miniature Schnauzers
Bichon Frises
on what picture can you see stones
x-ray
how to treat bladder stones
surgery to remove the stones called a cystotomy
is Leptospirosis zoonotic
YES
what is important about handling the urine of a dog with Leptospirosis
it is considered hazardous waste
what is the treatment for dogs with Leptospirosis
- IV fluid
- isolation
is there a vaccine for Leptospirosis
YES
what is Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is an infection of bacterialspirochetes
how do dogs get Leptospirosis
dogs acquire when subspecies of theLeptospira interroganspenetrate the skin and spread through the body by way of the bloodstream
what body systems does Leptospirosis effect and reproduce in (5)
- liver
- kidneys
- central nervous system
- eyes
- reproductive system
symptoms of Leptospirosis
- fever
- bacterial infection of the blood
how does Leptospira spirochetes effect the kidneys
- remain in the kidneys, reproducing and infecting the urine
can Leptospirosis be fatal
- yes if the infection continues to progress it will cause serve damage to the organs
another name for cushing’s disease
hyperadrenocorticism
another name for Addison’s disease
hypoadrenocorticism
why does Diabetes Mellitus occur
- body stopped producing insulin
- has inadequate levels of insulin
- abnormal response to insulin
what is the most common type of dog to get Diabetes Mellitus
- middle-older age females
what is the most common type of cat to get Diabetes Mellitus
- middle-older age natured overweight males
what happens when glucose cannot enter the bodies cells
glucose begins to accumulate in the blood and the cells of the body are starved for energy
symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus (4)
- PU/PD
- increased appetite
- Weight loss
- Eyes can appear cloudy
- Poor coat condition
- Lethargy
how is DM diagnosed
blood glucose testing as well as presence of glucose in the urine
is there a cure for DM
NO
how to mange DM
- insulin injections
- diet change
2 general complication of diabetes mellitus
Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar
Ketoacidosis: high levels of ketones are produced
dog specific DM complications
cataracts
cat specific DM complications (3)
- chronic pancreatitis - recurrent infections - peripheral neuropathy
does Diabetes Insipidus have anything to do with diabetes mellitus
NO
is Diabetes Insipidus common
no it is rare
what does Diabetes Insipidus affect
watermetabolism, preventing the body from conserving water and releasing too much of it
what is ADH
hormone responsible for water conservation
where does DI originate from
hypothalamus or the pituitary gland
what is the main cause of DI
inadequate production or renal insensitivity to ADH
what are other cause related to DI
- neoplasia
- trauma
- Congenital
neoplasia
the formation or presence of a new abnormal growth of tissue
congenital
present from birth (disease)
when could DI be a secondary issue
- drug reaction
- endocrine or metabolic disorders
- renal disease or infection
4 symptoms of DI
- PU/PD
- decreased urination (dehydration)
- house soiling (occasionally)
- poor coat condition
3 ways to diagnose DI
- ADH testing
- Water deprivation tests
- MRI (to identify possible tumours)
how to manage DI
- synthetic ADH eye drops or injection
- constant access to water
is DI curable
NO
why does Cushing’s Disease occur
Pituitary gland secretes abnormally high levels of ACTH which goes into the adrenal glands causing increased production of cortisol
how many cases are pituitary-dependenthyperadrenocorticism
85%
how many cases are adrenal tumours
15%
what breeds often have adrenal tumours
large breed dogs
breeds common to have cushings disease
- Miniature Poodles,
- Dachshunds
- Boxers
- Boston Terriers
- Beagles
which types of animals are most likely to get bushings disease
- middle-aged to older dogs and cats
- females more common
symptoms (4) of cushings disease
- PU/PD
- polyphagia
- heat intolerance
- lethargy
- abdominal enlargement or “potbelly”
- panting
- obesity
- muscle weakness
- recurrent urinary tract infections
how do you diagnose cushings
no specific way to diagnose
- combo of physical exam, lab screening, and clinical signs
Cushing’s: what is a ACTH test?
give ACTH, see how much cortisol produced
Cushing’s what is a Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression test?
tells pituitary gland to stop producing ATCH in healthy dogs, will not work in Cushing’s patients
what kind of treatment options are there for cushion’s disease
- Mitotane or Trilostane (drug)
- ACTH stimulation every 3-6 months
- radiation/surgery for tumours
prognosis for cushion’s patients
treated or untreated is poor
what is Addison disease
deficient production of glucocorticoids and/or mineralocorticoids in the adrenal glands
is Addison disease common
no it is fairly rare
what can happen with Addison disease
adrenal glands can form
likely candidates for addison disease
young to middle-aged dogs
- more common in females
3 breeds affected by addison disease
- Westies
- Rotties
- Standard poodles
4 signs of addison disease
- lethargy
- anorexia
- vomiting
- weight loss
- diarrhea
- PU/PD
- dehydration
what should the blood count and screening look like in addison patients
out of line
when doing a ACTH Stimulation testing on an addison patient what should happen
no increase in body’s response
how to diagnose addison disease
no specific way to diagnose
- combo of physical exam, lab screening, and clinical signs
how to treat addison
- hormone injections like Percorten every 3-4 weeks
- monitoring
addison patients prognosis
good
what is another name for a Pancreatic Insulin Secreting Tumour
Insulinoma
what do beta cells do
primarily secreteinsulin, among other hormones
insulinomas do what
secrete excessive insulin, the blood stream becomes low in glucose
what is Pancreatic Insulin Secreting Tumour
infectious new growth of abnormal tissue of the beta cells in the pancreas
4 symptoms of Pancreatic Insulin Secreting Tumour
- extreme weakness
- collapse
- seizures
- other neurological abnormalities
how to diagnose PIST
- bloodwork especially BG
- Ultrasound, CT or MRI to determine the presence of a pancreatic tumour
what kind of diet should a PIST patient be on
Multiple meals of a moderate protein, low sugar, and complex carbohydrate rich foods
PIST: Prednisolone
asteroidthat stimulates formation of glucose and is often a key piece of treatment.
treatment of PIST
- administration of glucose and steroids in emergent conditions
- surgery to remove the tumour
Hyperthyroidism is less common ______
in dogs
Hyperthyroidism is common in ______
middle-aged and older cats
how does Hyperthyroidism happen
a result of an increase in production of thyroid hormones (known as T3 and T4) from an enlarged thyroid gl
what causes the enlargement of thyroid glands
caused by a non-cancerous tumor called an adenoma
what organs do thyroid hormones affect
affect nearly all of the organs in the body
4 symptoms of hyperthyroidism
- weight loss
- increased appetite
- PU/PD
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- hyperactivity
overtime what can Elevated thyroid hormones cause (3)
- increased heart rate
- stronger contraction of the heart muscle
- thickening of the left ventricle of the heart
medication used to treat hyperthyroidism
tapazole
what diet should hyperthyroidism patients go on
y/d
how to diagnose hyperthyroidism
- blood work
physical exam of enlarged thyroid - check HR and BP
how to treat hyperthyroidism (4)
- Medication
- radioactive iodine therapy
- diet
- surgery
Hypothyroidism is common in _____
- middle aged and older
- mid-to large-size
DOGS
Hypothyroidism is not common in _____
cats or toy breeds
why does Hypothyroidism occur
decrease in production and secretion of the thyroid hormones (known as T3 and T4) due to destruction of the gland
4 signs of hypothyroidism
- mental dullness
- lethargy
- exercise intolerance
- weight gain w/o appetite gain
- failure to regulate body temp
what is the most over diagnosed endocrine condition
Hypothyroidism
diagnosis for Hypothyroidism
- blood work
- ultrasound
- total T4, free T4 , and TSH, TSH stimulation
treatment for Hypothyroidism
- medication and reassessment is key
prognosis for Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism
good for both
