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VAP Lab and Lecture > Final (Lab 6-8) > Flashcards

Final (Lab 6-8) Flashcards

1
Q

5 senses

A 
Hearing
Vision
Smell
Taste
Touch
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2
Q

what is the purpose of Proprioception

A

Allows the animal to sense the position or orientation of one body part or another

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3
Q

why is unconscious sense important

A

important for:

  • standing
  • making purposeful movement
  • interacting with the environment
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4
Q

what does unconscious sense allow the body to do

A

produce smooth body movements

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5
Q

where are proprioception receptors located (4)

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • tendons
  • ligaments
  • joint capsules
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6
Q

3 thing the equilibrium involves

A
  • sight
  • proprioception
  • auditory system
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7
Q

what does the equilibrium mainly do

A

Mediate an animals ability to balance

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8
Q

where are the Equilibrium receptors located

A

in the vestibule and semi-circular canals which are in the inner ear

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9
Q

where are the semi-circular canals located specifically

A

are located on the other side of the vestibule from the cochlea

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10
Q

what is the structure of the semi-circular canal

A

membranous tube

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11
Q

where is the Vestibule located

A

between the cochlea and semi-circular canals

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12
Q

the vestibule has 2 spaces what are these called

A

Utricle and Saccule

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13
Q

the Utricle is filled with?

A

endolymph

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14
Q

the Saccule is filled with?

A

perilymph

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15
Q

these 2 spaces in the vestibule have something specific what is it

A

Both of these spaces have sensory epithelia called macula.

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16
Q

what are macula covered in

A

small hair

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17
Q

what do the small hairs on the macula do

A

relay nerve impulses back to the brain

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18
Q

therefore the macula is responsible for what

A

analysis responsible for linear motion and movement of the head

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19
Q

what is the macula always under

A

constant pressure as a result of gravity

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20
Q

any movement to the macula will do what

A

bend sensory hairs

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21
Q

what is the shape of the canal

A

Semi-circular

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22
Q

what are the semi circular canals filled with

A

cilia and endolymph

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23
Q

how are the canals positioned

A

oriented in a different plane at right angles to the other 2

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24
Q

when the head moves what happens within the canals

A

every time the head moves, the fluid will move the hairs

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25
Q

what is the canals main function

A

Help the brain orient the head’s position

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26
Q

what instrument is used to examine the ear

A

otoscope

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27
Q

in which breeds can Vestibular Disease occur

A

Small or large breed dogs

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28
Q

how does Vestibular Disease occur

A

acute onset/idiopathic

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29
Q

2 thing that could lead to Vestibular Disease

A
  • trauma

- improper cleaning of the ear

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30
Q

5 symptoms of Vestibular Disease

A
  • extreme to slight head tilt
  • dizzy or falling down
  • nausea/vomiting
  • turning in circles or rolling
  • Nystagmus (involuntary eye movement)
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31
Q

3 ways to treat Vestibular Disease

A
  • physically examine the dogs responsiveness and eye movements
  • treat vomiting, nausea, hydration levels
  • treat balance and control concerns
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32
Q

how long does Vestibular Disease last

A

Typically lasts only a few days and will resolve on its own

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33
Q

what can happen to some dogs with Vestibular Disease

A

some dogs are left with a permanent head tilt

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34
Q

what is Aural Hematoma

A

Blood accumulates between the skin and the cartilage in the pinna

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35
Q

how does Aural Hematoma occur

A
  • acute onset
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36
Q

what are some chronic causes of Aural Hematoma

A
  • Excessive shaking or scratching as result of ear infections
  • Trauma
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37
Q

how to treat Aural Hematoma

A

draining or surgery

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38
Q

2 instruments used to examine the eye

A

ophthalmoscope and tonometer

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39
Q

what is a good indicator of the sharpness of an animal’s eyesight

A

the side of the orbits in relation to the overall size of the skull

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40
Q

what are orbits (eye)

A

eye sockets

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41
Q

what is the rule of thumb about orbits

A

the larger the orbits the better the eyesight

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42
Q

predators have their eyes position where

A

forward position on skull

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43
Q

why are the predators eyes in that position

A

to give them binocular vision which allows the animal to judge distance

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44
Q

prey have their eyes position where

A

on the sides of the skull

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45
Q

why are the preys eyes in that position

A

so they have great monocular and peripheral vision which allows them to easily locate predators (can see almost in a completely circle)

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46
Q

how many more rod cells do cat eyes have over humans

A

6-8x

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47
Q

cat rod cells are more sensitive to what

A

low light

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48
Q

what are cones responsible for

A

vision in high light and variations in colour

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49
Q

how many more cones do humans have over cats

A

10x

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50
Q

what kind of eye shape do cats have

A

elliptical eye shape

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51
Q

the cats what ____ and _____ are much larger

A

corneas

tapetum

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52
Q

corneas and tapetum do what

A

a layer of tissue that may reflect light back to the retina

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53
Q

as well as reflecting light the tapetum does what

A
  • shift the wavelengths of light that cats see

- making prey or other objects silhouetted against a night sky more prominent

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54
Q

what species have a Nictitating Membrane

A

Found in many animals, wild and domestic

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55
Q

what is the Nictitating Membrane

A

a third eyelid

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56
Q

where is the Nictitating Membrane found

A

between the eyelid and the eyeball

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57
Q

what is the Nictitating Membrane made of

A

a plate of cartilage and conjunctiva

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58
Q

how does the Nictitating Membrane move

A

Moves across the ocular surface of the eyeball

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59
Q

what does the Nictitating Membrane have

A

it own lacrimal gland

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60
Q

what does the lacrimal gland do

A

produce tears

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61
Q

purpose of the Nictitating Membrane (3)

A
  • acts as windshield wiper removing debris
  • redistributes tears over cornea
  • protects from vegetation
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62
Q

what is a cherry eye

A

The third eyelid has prolapsed creating a pink mass protruding from the corner of the eye

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63
Q

what kind of animals can a cherry eye occur in

A

dog and cat typically younger

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64
Q

symptoms of a cherry eye

A
  • swelling
  • irritation
  • pink mass in the corner of the eye
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65
Q

treatment of a cheery eye

A

requires surgery – tie down or removal

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66
Q

what breeds often have a problem with a cherry eye

A

breeds that have a short face (pugs, French bulldogs)

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67
Q

describe the cornea

A

the transparent part of the eye

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68
Q

what does the cornea do

A
  • forms a cover over theirisand pupil

- admits light to the inside of the eye

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69
Q

2 types of ulcers

A

superficial or deep

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70
Q

when does an ulcer occur

A

when deeper layers of the cornea are lost

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71
Q

causes (4) of ulcers

A
  • Trauma, blunt or penetrating
  • Disease
  • Tear deficiency
  • Infection
  • Can not close the eyelids completely
  • Foreign body
  • Burns from a chemical substance
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72
Q

how to diagnose an ulcer

A

use fluorescein stain

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73
Q

name 5 symptoms of corneal ulcers

A
  • Red, painful eye
  • Watery eye
  • Squinting
  • Sensitivity to light
  • Rubbing at the eyes with a paw
  • Eye may remain closed
  • Discharge
  • Film over the eye
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74
Q

what is Entropion

A

genetic condition in which a portion of the eyelid is inverted or folded inward

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75
Q

what breeds does Entropion effect

A

Affects all breeds and is usually diagnosed within the first year of life

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76
Q

Entropion treatment

A

surgery

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77
Q

causes of Entropion (2)

A
  • facial shape

- increased or decreased tension created by ligaments on the inner eye

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78
Q

what can Entropion cause

A

an eyelash or hair to irritate and scratch the surface of the eye

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79
Q

when an eyelash or hair scratches the surface of the eye and the animal has Entropion what can happen

A

corneal ulceration or perforation

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80
Q

what is pigmentarykeratitis

A

dark-colored scar tissue that builds up over the wound

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81
Q

what can pigmentarykeratitis cause

A

may cause a decrease or loss of vision

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82
Q

how many kidneys are there in the urinary system

A

2

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83
Q

how many ureters are there in the urinary system

A

2

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84
Q

how many bladders are there in the urinary system

A

1

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85
Q

how many urethras are there in the urinary system

A

1

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86
Q

what is the kindness primary role

A

their most important role is to produce urine

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87
Q

what is the kidneys secondary role

A

absorb water and electrolytes to be used by the body

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88
Q

what is urine a mix of

A
  • excess water
  • electrolytes
  • urea
  • other wastes
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89
Q

what happens during the normal breakdown of protein and nucleic acids

A

nitrogen is released into the bloodstream

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90
Q

whats is some of the nitrogen used for

A

Some of this nitrogen is recycled to make new cellular products

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91
Q

the nitrogen that isn’t recycled goes where

A

its is disposed of as a product called urea (BUN)

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92
Q

what happens if the nitrogen can not be used

A

high levels of nitrogen in the blood can be toxic

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93
Q

what shape are the kidneys

A

round or bean-shaped organs

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94
Q

peritoneum

A

the membrane that encloses the organs of the abdominal cavity

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95
Q

what is anything out side of the peritoneum considered

A

retroperitoneal

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96
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

located outside of the peritoneum

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97
Q

what surround the tissue and why is it important

A
  • A thick layer of fat surrounds the kidneys

- helps protect them from pressures exerted on them by surrounding organs

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98
Q

what is the kidney covered in

A

fibrous connective tissue capsule

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99
Q

a hilus is what

A

indented area on the medial side of the kidney

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100
Q

another name for hilus

A

renal pelvis

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101
Q

what is the purpose of the hilus

A

where blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidney

102
Q

what is the outer portion of the kidney called

A

renal cortex

103
Q

what does the renal cortex look like

A
  • reddish brown

- rough, granular appearance

104
Q

what is the inner portion around the renal pelvis called

A

renal medulla

105
Q

what is the shape of the cortex and medulla

A

varies among animal species

106
Q

what is the kidney made up of

A

of hundreds of thousands of microscopic nephrons

107
Q

what are nephrons

A

microscopic filtering, reabsorbing and secreting systems

108
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

109
Q

what is the function of the nephron

A
  • regulate concentration of water and soluble substances by filtering the blood
  • reabsorbing what is needed
  • excreting the waste as urine.
110
Q

even if _____ of the nephrons are lost, the kidney will still function

A

Even if 75% of the nephrons are lost, the kidney will still function

111
Q

how many kidneys do you need to live

A

only 1

112
Q

where does the nerve supply to the kidneys come from

A

from the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system

113
Q

are the nerves essential for kidney function

A

No

114
Q

what do the nerves in the kidney control

A

control the blood flow through the glomerular capillaries

115
Q

how much blood supply does the kidney use

A

up to 25% of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys

116
Q

how often does circulating blood in the body pass through the kidney

A

every 4-5 minutes

117
Q

what do the ureters do

A

continuously move urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

118
Q

what are the 3 layer of the ureters

A
  • outer fibrous layer
  • middle muscle layer
  • inner layer
119
Q

what kind of muscle is the middle layer of the ureters made up of

A

smooth muscle

120
Q

what is the inner layer of the ureters lined with

A

transitional epithelium

121
Q

what happens when to the ureters when the bladder is full

A

the bladder collapses the opening of the ureter to prevent urine from backing up

122
Q

what does the smooth layer help with

A

propels urine through the ureter by peristaltic contractions

123
Q

what 2 parts is the urinary bladder made up of

A

the muscular sac and the neck

124
Q

what happens to the bladder as it fills

A

stretches

125
Q

what is the bladder lined with

A

transitional epithelium

126
Q

what is around the neck of the bladder

A

circular sphincter muscles

127
Q

what do the circular sphincter muscles do

A

provide some voluntary control over the urinary process

128
Q

what are the circular sphincter muscles made up of

A

composed of skeletal muscle fibers

129
Q

what is different about the urethra of a female compared to that of a male

A
  • shorter, wider and straighter than that of the male
130
Q

what does the urethra run through

A

the pelvic canal

131
Q

what does the male urethra do that the female urethra does not

A

has a reproductive function in passing sperm and seminal fluid

132
Q

purpose of the urethra

A

carries urine from the bladder to the external environment

133
Q

what is acute kidney failure

A

an abrupt decline in function that occurs over a period of days

134
Q

what species does acute kidney failure affect

A

dogs

135
Q

what are the causes of acute kidney failure (4)

A
  • ingesting toxins (antifreeze)
  • certain medications
  • decreased blood flow or oxygen delivery to the kidneys
  • infections and urinary obstruction.
136
Q

what causes chronic kidney disease

A
  • hard to determine
  • underlying illness
  • congenital
  • hereditary conditions
137
Q

how does chronic kidney disease develop

A
  • shows up over a period of time

- slowly

138
Q

in which animals does chronic kidney disease mostly effect

A

mostly older animals

139
Q

what is the main cause of chronic kidney failure

A

dental disease

140
Q

why does dental disease cause chronic kidney failure

A

Bacteria associated with advanced dental disease enter the blood stream and invades multiple organs, causing irreversible damage to the heart, liver and kidneys.

141
Q

name 4 signs and symptoms

A
  • PU/PD
  • lethargy
  • loss/decreased appetite
  • chemical door of the breath
  • vomiting
  • weight loss
  • blood in the urine
  • mouth ulcers
142
Q

what does FLUTD stand for

A

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease

143
Q

FLUTD is not a specific disease so what is it

A

conditions that can affect the urinary bladder and/or urethra

144
Q

what 5 types of cats that are at high risk fir FLUTD

A
  • Middle aged cats
  • Neutered cats
  • Over-weight cats
  • Indoor only cats
  • Cats on a dry food diet
145
Q

dysuria

A

painful or difficult urination

146
Q

Pollakiuria

A

increased frequency or urination

147
Q

Hematuria

A

blood in the urine

148
Q

Periuria

A

urinating outside litter box or in inappropriate places

149
Q

causes of FLUTD (5)

A
  • Urolithiasis
  • Bacterial infections
  • Anatomical defects
  • Neoplasia
  • Idiopathic cystitis
150
Q

in how many FLUTD cases do Idiopathic cystitis occur in

A

60-70%

151
Q

signs of FLUTD

A
  • dysuria
  • pollakiuria
  • hematuria
  • periuria
  • overgrooming
  • strangria
152
Q

Stranguria

A

strain to urinate

153
Q

what is another name for a blocked cat

A

urethral obstruction

154
Q

a blocked cat occurs more in what sex and why

A
  • males

- longer narrower urethra

155
Q

common in which type of cat

A
  • middle aged

- dry food diet

156
Q

what is the primary cause of a urethral obstruction and why

A
  • poor diet

- changes the pH in their urine which forms crystals or stones and blocks the cat

157
Q

what is a blocked cat

A

EMERGENCY

158
Q

symptoms of a blocked cat (4)

A
  • small frequent amount of urine
  • no urine at all
  • Hematuria
  • abdomen is painful
159
Q

treatment for a blocked cat (4)

A
  • IV fluid
  • catheterization
  • meds
  • change in diet
160
Q

bladder stones occur in what species

A

dogs and cats

161
Q

dog breeds prone to bladder stones (3)

A

Yorkies
Miniature Schnauzers
Bichon Frises

162
Q

on what picture can you see stones

A

x-ray

163
Q

how to treat bladder stones

A

surgery to remove the stones called a cystotomy

164
Q

is Leptospirosis zoonotic

A

YES

165
Q

what is important about handling the urine of a dog with Leptospirosis

A

it is considered hazardous waste

166
Q

what is the treatment for dogs with Leptospirosis

A
  • IV fluid

- isolation

167
Q

is there a vaccine for Leptospirosis

A

YES

168
Q

what is Leptospirosis

A

Leptospirosis is an infection of bacterialspirochetes

169
Q

how do dogs get Leptospirosis

A

dogs acquire when subspecies of theLeptospira interroganspenetrate the skin and spread through the body by way of the bloodstream

170
Q

what body systems does Leptospirosis effect and reproduce in (5)

A
  • liver
  • kidneys
  • central nervous system
  • eyes
  • reproductive system
171
Q

symptoms of Leptospirosis

A
  • fever

- bacterial infection of the blood

172
Q

how does Leptospira spirochetes effect the kidneys

A
  • remain in the kidneys, reproducing and infecting the urine
173
Q

can Leptospirosis be fatal

A
  • yes if the infection continues to progress it will cause serve damage to the organs
174
Q

another name for cushing’s disease

A

hyperadrenocorticism

175
Q

another name for Addison’s disease

A

hypoadrenocorticism

176
Q

why does Diabetes Mellitus occur

A
  • body stopped producing insulin
  • has inadequate levels of insulin
  • abnormal response to insulin
177
Q

what is the most common type of dog to get Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • middle-older age females
178
Q

what is the most common type of cat to get Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • middle-older age natured overweight males
179
Q

what happens when glucose cannot enter the bodies cells

A

glucose begins to accumulate in the blood and the cells of the body are starved for energy

180
Q

symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus (4)

A
  • PU/PD
  • increased appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Eyes can appear cloudy
  • Poor coat condition
  • Lethargy
181
Q

how is DM diagnosed

A

blood glucose testing as well as presence of glucose in the urine

182
Q

is there a cure for DM

A

NO

183
Q

how to mange DM

A
  • insulin injections

- diet change

184
Q

2 general complication of diabetes mellitus

A

Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar
Ketoacidosis: high levels of ketones are produced

185
Q

dog specific DM complications

A

cataracts

186
Q

cat specific DM complications (3)

A
  • chronic pancreatitis - recurrent infections - peripheral neuropathy
187
Q

does Diabetes Insipidus have anything to do with diabetes mellitus

A

NO

188
Q

is Diabetes Insipidus common

A

no it is rare

189
Q

what does Diabetes Insipidus affect

A

watermetabolism, preventing the body from conserving water and releasing too much of it

190
Q

what is ADH

A

hormone responsible for water conservation

191
Q

where does DI originate from

A

hypothalamus or the pituitary gland

192
Q

what is the main cause of DI

A

inadequate production or renal insensitivity to ADH

193
Q

what are other cause related to DI

A
  • neoplasia
  • trauma
  • Congenital
194
Q

neoplasia

A

the formation or presence of a new abnormal growth of tissue

195
Q

congenital

A

present from birth (disease)

196
Q

when could DI be a secondary issue

A
  • drug reaction
  • endocrine or metabolic disorders
  • renal disease or infection
197
Q

4 symptoms of DI

A
  • PU/PD
  • decreased urination (dehydration)
  • house soiling (occasionally)
  • poor coat condition
198
Q

3 ways to diagnose DI

A
  • ADH testing
  • Water deprivation tests
  • MRI (to identify possible tumours)
199
Q

how to manage DI

A
  • synthetic ADH eye drops or injection

- constant access to water

200
Q

is DI curable

A

NO

201
Q

why does Cushing’s Disease occur

A

Pituitary gland secretes abnormally high levels of ACTH which goes into the adrenal glands causing increased production of cortisol

202
Q

how many cases are pituitary-dependenthyperadrenocorticism

A

85%

203
Q

how many cases are adrenal tumours

A

15%

204
Q

what breeds often have adrenal tumours

A

large breed dogs

205
Q

breeds common to have cushings disease

A
  • Miniature Poodles,
  • Dachshunds
  • Boxers
  • Boston Terriers
  • Beagles
206
Q

which types of animals are most likely to get bushings disease

A
  • middle-aged to older dogs and cats

- females more common

207
Q

symptoms (4) of cushings disease

A
  • PU/PD
  • polyphagia
  • heat intolerance
  • lethargy
  • abdominal enlargement or “potbelly”
  • panting
  • obesity
  • muscle weakness
  • recurrent urinary tract infections
208
Q

how do you diagnose cushings

A

no specific way to diagnose

- combo of physical exam, lab screening, and clinical signs

209
Q

Cushing’s: what is a ACTH test?

A

give ACTH, see how much cortisol produced

210
Q

Cushing’s what is a Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression test?

A

tells pituitary gland to stop producing ATCH in healthy dogs, will not work in Cushing’s patients

211
Q

what kind of treatment options are there for cushion’s disease

A
  • Mitotane or Trilostane (drug)
  • ACTH stimulation every 3-6 months
  • radiation/surgery for tumours
212
Q

prognosis for cushion’s patients

A

treated or untreated is poor

213
Q

what is Addison disease

A

deficient production of glucocorticoids and/or mineralocorticoids in the adrenal glands

214
Q

is Addison disease common

A

no it is fairly rare

215
Q

what can happen with Addison disease

A

adrenal glands can form

216
Q

likely candidates for addison disease

A

young to middle-aged dogs

- more common in females

217
Q

3 breeds affected by addison disease

A
  • Westies
  • Rotties
  • Standard poodles
218
Q

4 signs of addison disease

A
  • lethargy
  • anorexia
  • vomiting
  • weight loss
  • diarrhea
  • PU/PD
  • dehydration
219
Q

what should the blood count and screening look like in addison patients

A

out of line

220
Q

when doing a ACTH Stimulation testing on an addison patient what should happen

A

no increase in body’s response

221
Q

how to diagnose addison disease

A

no specific way to diagnose

- combo of physical exam, lab screening, and clinical signs

222
Q

how to treat addison

A
  • hormone injections like Percorten every 3-4 weeks

- monitoring

223
Q

addison patients prognosis

A

good

224
Q

what is another name for a Pancreatic Insulin Secreting Tumour

A

Insulinoma

225
Q

what do beta cells do

A

primarily secreteinsulin, among other hormones

226
Q

insulinomas do what

A

secrete excessive insulin, the blood stream becomes low in glucose

227
Q

what is Pancreatic Insulin Secreting Tumour

A

infectious new growth of abnormal tissue of the beta cells in the pancreas

228
Q

4 symptoms of Pancreatic Insulin Secreting Tumour

A
  • extreme weakness
  • collapse
  • seizures
  • other neurological abnormalities
229
Q

how to diagnose PIST

A
  • bloodwork especially BG

- Ultrasound, CT or MRI to determine the presence of a pancreatic tumour

230
Q

what kind of diet should a PIST patient be on

A

Multiple meals of a moderate protein, low sugar, and complex carbohydrate rich foods

231
Q

PIST: Prednisolone

A

asteroidthat stimulates formation of glucose and is often a key piece of treatment.

232
Q

treatment of PIST

A
  • administration of glucose and steroids in emergent conditions
  • surgery to remove the tumour
233
Q

Hyperthyroidism is less common ______

A

in dogs

234
Q

Hyperthyroidism is common in ______

A

middle-aged and older cats

235
Q

how does Hyperthyroidism happen

A

a result of an increase in production of thyroid hormones (known as T3 and T4) from an enlarged thyroid gl

236
Q

what causes the enlargement of thyroid glands

A

caused by a non-cancerous tumor called an adenoma

237
Q

what organs do thyroid hormones affect

A

affect nearly all of the organs in the body

238
Q

4 symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A
  • weight loss
  • increased appetite
  • PU/PD
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • hyperactivity
239
Q

overtime what can Elevated thyroid hormones cause (3)

A
  • increased heart rate
  • stronger contraction of the heart muscle
  • thickening of the left ventricle of the heart
240
Q

medication used to treat hyperthyroidism

A

tapazole

241
Q

what diet should hyperthyroidism patients go on

A

y/d

242
Q

how to diagnose hyperthyroidism

A
  • blood work
    physical exam of enlarged thyroid
  • check HR and BP
243
Q

how to treat hyperthyroidism (4)

A
  • Medication
  • radioactive iodine therapy
  • diet
  • surgery
244
Q

Hypothyroidism is common in _____

A
  • middle aged and older
  • mid-to large-size
    DOGS
245
Q

Hypothyroidism is not common in _____

A

cats or toy breeds

246
Q

why does Hypothyroidism occur

A

decrease in production and secretion of the thyroid hormones (known as T3 and T4) due to destruction of the gland

247
Q

4 signs of hypothyroidism

A
  • mental dullness
  • lethargy
  • exercise intolerance
  • weight gain w/o appetite gain
  • failure to regulate body temp
248
Q

what is the most over diagnosed endocrine condition

A

Hypothyroidism

249
Q

diagnosis for Hypothyroidism

A
  • blood work
  • ultrasound
  • total T4, free T4 , and TSH, TSH stimulation
250
Q

treatment for Hypothyroidism

A
  • medication and reassessment is key
251
Q

prognosis for Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism

A

good for both

VAP Lab and Lecture (7 decks)

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