Quiz 2 (Lab 4-5) Flashcards
where is the mouth
Very beginning of digestive tract
what does the mouth do
- pick up food
- adds saliva
what does saliva do
gets added to the food to make it easier to swallow
tongues main function
used to move food around for chewing and swallowing
taste buds do what
enhance eating
tech do what
- bite, tear and chew food
- makes larger pieces of food easier to swallow by starting to break them down
incisor teeth
used to bite and grab food
canine teeth
used to bite, tear and rip off
premolar teeth
sheer, grind and mash food
molars
most rigorous chewing and breakdown
how many top dog teeth in one quadrant
3
1
4
2
how many bottom dog teeth in one quadrant
3
1
4
3
order of teeth from from to back
- incisors
- canines
- premolars
- molars
how many top cat teeth in one quadrant
3
1
3
1
how many bottom cat teeth in one quadrant
3
1
2
1
what is the esophagus
muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
how does the esophagus move
moves in a wave-like fashion called peristalsis
peristalsis is
involuntary muscle movement
peristalsis allows what to happen
transport food from mouth to the stomach
what happens when there is no food in the esophagus
the walls of the esophagus collapse in on each other, making a closed space
what does the stomach connect
Connects the esophagus to the small intestine
what is the cardia
. The inlet or opening from the esophagus into the stomach
what is the stomach
the large sac-like anatomy of the GI tract
what does the lining of the stomach contain
glands that produce hydrochloric acid and enzymes
what do enzymes do
digest food
what do the stomach muscles do
mix and move the food
what do the glands in the stomach do
- produce mucous
the mucous protects the stomach wall from what
being digested by its own acid and enzymes
first of 3 basic functions of the stomach
short term storage area so animal can consume a large meal
second of 3 basic functions of the stomach
chemical and enzymatic digestion begins in the stomach, particularly of proteins
third of 3 basic functions of the stomach
the stomach’s contractions mix and grind food with secretions, liquefying or blending the food, a necessary step before the food is delivered to the small intestine
what does the small intestine connect
which extends between the stomach and large intestine
the longest portion of the intestinal tract is what
small intestine
how long is the small intestine
2.5 times the animals total body length
what happens in the small intestine
The small intestine is where the absorption of almost all nutrients into the blood occurs
3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
what happens to the food particles when in the small intestine
food particles are exposed to enzymes and bile, which convert the food to even smaller particles capable of being absorbed into the blood
what other things beside food particles does the small intestine absorb
water
electrolytes
other molecules
where does the duodenum attach to
the stomach
is the duodenum short
yes relatively short
what connects to the duodenum
gallbladder and pancreas connect to the duodenum by the bile and pancreatic ducts respectively
where are enzymes and other secretions produced that are important for digestion
liver and pancreas
what happens when the enzymes pass through the ducts into the duodenum
mix with the food
which is the longest part of the small intestine
jejunum
what is found in the jejunum
finger-like projections called villi
what do villi do
Villi protrude inward into the food contents and provide a large surface area to absorb nutrients
what is the ileum
a passageway into the large intestine
what does the gall bladder do
a storage receptacle for bile
what is bile
a fluid that is essential for digesting food in the stomach and intestines
what does the liver function in
secretion of the bile
what does the bile duct do
transports bile from the liver into the gallbladder and into the small intestine
what is insulin
regulates glucose in the body
what does insulin allow glucose to do
allows glucose in bloodstream to leave and enter cells
pancreas 2 main functions
- produces insulin to regulate glucose
- produces digestive enzymes to help digest food
protease enzyme
breaks down protein
what is the protease enzyme called in dogs
trypsin
lipase enzyme
breaks down fat
amylase enzyme
breaks down carbohydrates
what does the large intestine connect
small intestine to the anus
the large intestine is _______ and _______ than the small intestine
The large intestine is wider and shorter than the small intestine
what does the large intestine include (4)
cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
what is the longest part of the large intestine
colon
3 sections of the colon are
ascending, transverse and descending
primary function of the colon
absorb water from feces as needed,
by absorbing water from the feces what does this do
keeps the hydration level of the body constant
secondary function of the colon
store fecal matter awaiting passage from the body
what is bloat
100% MEDICAL EMERGENCY!!!!
another name for bloat
GDV - gastric dilatation volvulus
what happens during gastric dilatation
the stomach fills up with air and puts pressure on the other organs and diaphragm
the pressure creates does gastric dilatation what to the dog
The pressure on the diaphragm makes it difficult for the dog to breathe
what can the air filled stomach compress which prevents what
compresses large veins in the abdomen, thus preventing blood from returning to the heart
what happens after the stomach is filled with air
the stomach can easily rotate on itself, thus pinching off its blood supply
what is the rotation of the stomach called
volvulus
which breed is most susceptible to bloat
Great Danes or large, deep chested dogs
dogs most at risk (4)
- older than 7
- males 2x more likely
- dogs fed once a day
- nervous dogs
4 bloat symptoms
bloated abdomen, retching, restlessness, panting
what surgery prevents bloat in the future
gastropexy
what is a foreign body
Anything ingested by the animal that will not readily pass through the digestive tract
examples of foreign bodies (3)
toys bones underwear string grass hair
3 symptoms of a foreign body
vomiting inappetence
tender abdomen
what can string especially do to the intestinal tract
especially strings, can often lead to perforation of the intestinal tract and spillage of intestinal contents into the abdomen.
peritonitis
to inflammation of the abdominal lining
peritonitis leads to
sepsis
sepsis is what
bacterial proliferation and contamina
when does barium not work
Barium will not work with possible perferations
EPI stands for what
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
what does EPI mean
a decrease or absence of digestive enzymes
most common breed for EPI to exist
German shepards
what happens to dogs with EPI
proteins, starches, and fats found in their diet cannot be broken down into small enough pieces that allow them to be absorbed through the intestinal wall.
what can happen if this is not treated
without treatment, the dog literally starves to death even though it may be constantly eating
what happens to all the nutrients in their food
The value and substance of the food, therefore, stays in the gastrointestinal tract and is passed out in the feces undigested
symptoms of EPI
- rapid weight loss
- poor coat quality
- yellow or clay coloured mashed potato like diarrhea
how to treat EPI
replacing the dog’s pancreatic enzymes with enzymes from other source
what is canine parvovirus (CPV)
highly contagious viral illness that affects dogs in the intestinal tract
what does Parvo do to the intestinal tract
affects the body’s ability to absorb nutrients
what happens to puppy with Parvo
quickly become dehydrated and weak from lack of protein and fluid absorption.
how to prevent Parvo
early vaccination in young puppies
most Parvo cases are seen in what age of dogs
six weeks and six months old
parvo symptoms
- Severe, bloody diarrhea
- Lethargy
- Anorexia
- Fever
- Vomiting
- Severe weight loss
2 main functions of the respiratory system
- exchange of gases
- cooling mechanism
what happens with the exchange of gases
oxygen is inspired and carbon dioxide is expired
3 other functions of the rest system
- warms and humidifies inhaled air
- filters out particulate material
- provides a sense of smell
upper respiratory tract order (5)
Nose Mouth Pharynx Larynx Epiglottis
what do the nose and mouth both do
take air into the body
what do cilia do
filter debris and foreign material from the air before it enters the body
where are cilia found
line the nasal cavity
what does the nasal cavity do to the air before it enter the trachea
warms and moistens the air
when is the sense of smell activated
As air passes over the back portion of the nose
what is the olfactory region area responsible for
smell
there is extensive blood supply to the ___________ which does what
- Nasal Cavity
- The blood supply to this area is extensive and contributes to warming the inspired air
what does the olfactory region contain
mucous membrane of this region contains special nerves designed for smell
dogs don’t have what
sweat glands - except on their feet
how do dogs cool down
they pant
how does panting help cool down a dog
By breathing faster, warm air is exchanged from the body for the cooler outside air
where is the pharynx located
at the back of the mouth and throat
what does the pharynx do
both food and air are transported to deeper structures
what is the nasopharynx
The portion of the pharynx that is part of the respiratory tract
what does the nasopharynx connect
the back of the nasal cavity to the larynx
another name for larynx
voice box
where is the larynx located
directly behind the base of the tongue and soft palate
what is the larynx in between
the pharynx and the trachea
what do the the larynx and epiglottis do
covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter into the windpipe
what happens in the larynx
all sounds are created such as growling, purring, vocalizing
what is the trachea made of
many C-shaped cartilages that are strung together
what does the trachea connect
connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs
what happens at the end of the trachea
it splits into two branches, with one branch for each set of lung
the 2 split branches are new airway passages called what
brooch
the trachea is what shape
semi-rigid, flexible tube
what is the trachea lined with
cilia
how do debris and foreign substances get out of the trachea
returns those substances to the mouth through the act of coughing.
what does the trachea do
serves to conduct air downward into the lungs
what do the bronchi do
bring air from the trachea into the lungs
what are the bronchi lined with
cilia
the cilia and mucous membranes do what in the bronchi
trap particles to be expelled via coughing
the main bronchi divide into what
smaller bronchi then
bronchioles then alveoli
what are alveoli
tiny air pockets within the lung
what happens in the alveoli
the blood makes contact with the individual cells in the lungs and oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide
how are alveolus suppled
by a vast network of microscopic blood vessels known as capillaries
what is Intubation
Placement of a somewhat flexible plastic tube into the trachea to maintain a patent airway during anesthesia
what does intubation do
Delivers oxygen and/or anesthetic directly to the lungs
what can happen when you intubate
Can easily place the tube into the esophagus
what will happen when the tube is placed correctly
cough
what must you do before you intubate a cat
laryngeal spray first
what is wrong if an animal starts to wake up when placing the tube
not in the right spot
what should you visualize to confirm successful intubation
larynx
what is Laryngeal paralysis
is a disorder in which the nerves that control the muscles and cartilage that open and close the larynx do not function properly
what does Laryngeal paralysis cause
- voice changes
- difficulty with eating or breathing
what does the laryngeal cartilages normally do
pulled open during breathing
if Laryngeal paralysis occurs the laryngeal cartilages are not functioning normally why
cartilages do not open and close properly, making it difficult for the animal to take in air normally
what is a common type of dog to get Laryngeal paralysis
- older, large breed dogs
- Labrador Retrievers -Golden Retrievers
- Saint Bernards
- Siberian Huskies
the larynx is normal at birth but what happens over time to cause Laryngeal paralysis
the nerves and muscles that control the laryngeal cartilages lose function
what surgery will help with Laryngeal paralysis
laryngeal tie back
what happens during a laryngeal tie back
involves putting one or more permanent sutures in place to hold the arytenoid cartilage open so that adequate air can pass through
what is a collapsing trachea
the trachea will lose its rigidity and collapse while the dog is breathing
how does a collapsing trachea happen
cartilage rings weaken and the trachea no longer has proper support for unknown reasons
how is the trachea supported
tough rings made of cartilage
symptoms of a collapsed trachea (4)
- Dry honking cough
- Difficulty breathing
- Unproductive efforts to vomit (retching)
- Abnormally rapid breathing
- Abnormal breathing sounds
- Inability to perform routine exercises
- Bluish colored membranes
- Spontaneous loss of consciousness
collapsing trachea is most common in what kind of breeds
- Miniature poodles
- Yorkshire terriers
- Chihuahuas
- Pomeranians
- other small and toy breeds
virus associate with kernel cough
Bordetella
is there a vaccine for kennel cough
yes
when do dogs typically get kennel cough
Often acquired after boarding or playing with other dogs as is transmitted via direct contact
is treat meant always required
-NO
how can you make kennel cough worse
palpation of trachea
what does kennel cough typically present as
dry, hacking cough – sometimes like a “goose honk”
URI mean what
Upper Respiratory Infection
URI are most common in ____
cats
Lower Respiratory Tract order
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
two most common characteristics of URI
sneezing
eye discharge
what does a URI effect
mouth, nasal passages, sinuses, upper airway
what are 80-90% of URI cases caused by
feline herpes
another name for feline herpes
rhinotracheitis virus
another reason for for URI
calicivirus
how are the rhinotracheitis and calicivirus virus spread
spread through contact with the discharge from the eyes and nose of an infected cat
what can transmit these viruses
Food dishes, hands, bedding, etc., which have been contaminated with infected discharge, can transmit these viruses from one cat to another.
treatment for URIs
making sure the cat is eating, hydrated and resting
bad URIs may require
oral antibiotics
eye ointments
how to prevent URI’s
vaccines
pneumothorax is what
Air inside the chest cavity, but outside the lungs
what does a pneumothorax do
Air outside of the lungs prevent them from inflating normally and can lead to lung collapse
symptoms of pneumothorax
- rapid breathing, -respiratory distress
- tachycardia
- bluish mucous membranes
what is abdominal breathing
breath seems to be the abdominal wall moving rather than the chest expanding
what is subcutaneous emphysema
air trapped under the skin and it feels like “crackling”
what is hemothorax
Blood in the chest cavity
what is the cause of a hemothorax
Can be due to trauma or disease process
how to treat or drain a hemothorax
Thoracocentesis
how to diagnose a hemothorax
x-ray and/or ultrasound
signs and symptoms of a hemothorax
same as pneumothorax
what is Pleural Effusion
Abnormal amounts of fluid in the chest cavity
what is the cause of a Pleural Effusion
Can be due to trauma or disease process
signs and symptoms of a Pleural Effusion
same as pneumothorax
how to diagnose a Pleural Effusion
x-ray and/or ultrasound
how to treat or drain a Pleural Effusion
Thoracocentesis
what is dyspnea
open mouth, panting, stretched neck
what is a Diaphragmatic Hernia
Muscular partition between the chest and the abdomen has been torn or is otherwise disrupted
what is the cause of a Diaphragmatic Hernia
Can be congenital or through trauma
what can happen to the abdominal contents when a Diaphragmatic Hernia occurs
Abdominal contents such as stomach, liver, intestines, etc move up into the chest cavity
how to diagnose a Diaphragmatic Hernia
Diagnostics include x-ray and/or ultrasound
signs and symptoms of a Diaphragmatic Hernia
Signs include tachycardia and dyspnea
