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VAP Lab and Lecture > Quiz 2 (Lab 4-5) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 (Lab 4-5) Flashcards

1
Q

where is the mouth

A

Very beginning of digestive tract

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2
Q

what does the mouth do

A
  • pick up food

- adds saliva

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3
Q

what does saliva do

A

gets added to the food to make it easier to swallow

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4
Q

tongues main function

A

used to move food around for chewing and swallowing

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5
Q

taste buds do what

A

enhance eating

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6
Q

tech do what

A
  • bite, tear and chew food

- makes larger pieces of food easier to swallow by starting to break them down

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7
Q

incisor teeth

A

used to bite and grab food

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8
Q

canine teeth

A

used to bite, tear and rip off

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9
Q

premolar teeth

A

sheer, grind and mash food

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10
Q

molars

A

most rigorous chewing and breakdown

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11
Q

how many top dog teeth in one quadrant

A

3
1
4
2

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12
Q

how many bottom dog teeth in one quadrant

A

3
1
4
3

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13
Q

order of teeth from from to back

A
  1. incisors
  2. canines
  3. premolars
  4. molars
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14
Q

how many top cat teeth in one quadrant

A

3
1
3
1

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15
Q

how many bottom cat teeth in one quadrant

A

3
1
2
1

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16
Q

what is the esophagus

A

muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

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17
Q

how does the esophagus move

A

moves in a wave-like fashion called peristalsis

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18
Q

peristalsis is

A

involuntary muscle movement

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19
Q

peristalsis allows what to happen

A

transport food from mouth to the stomach

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20
Q

what happens when there is no food in the esophagus

A

the walls of the esophagus collapse in on each other, making a closed space

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21
Q

what does the stomach connect

A

Connects the esophagus to the small intestine

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22
Q

what is the cardia

A

. The inlet or opening from the esophagus into the stomach

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23
Q

what is the stomach

A

the large sac-like anatomy of the GI tract

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24
Q

what does the lining of the stomach contain

A

glands that produce hydrochloric acid and enzymes

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25
Q

what do enzymes do

A

digest food

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26
Q

what do the stomach muscles do

A

mix and move the food

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27
Q

what do the glands in the stomach do

A
  • produce mucous
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28
Q

the mucous protects the stomach wall from what

A

being digested by its own acid and enzymes

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29
Q

first of 3 basic functions of the stomach

A

short term storage area so animal can consume a large meal

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30
Q

second of 3 basic functions of the stomach

A

chemical and enzymatic digestion begins in the stomach, particularly of proteins

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31
Q

third of 3 basic functions of the stomach

A

the stomach’s contractions mix and grind food with secretions, liquefying or blending the food, a necessary step before the food is delivered to the small intestine

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32
Q

what does the small intestine connect

A

which extends between the stomach and large intestine

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33
Q

the longest portion of the intestinal tract is what

A

small intestine

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34
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

2.5 times the animals total body length

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35
Q

what happens in the small intestine

A

The small intestine is where the absorption of almost all nutrients into the blood occurs

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36
Q

3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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37
Q

what happens to the food particles when in the small intestine

A

food particles are exposed to enzymes and bile, which convert the food to even smaller particles capable of being absorbed into the blood

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38
Q

what other things beside food particles does the small intestine absorb

A

water
electrolytes
other molecules

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39
Q

where does the duodenum attach to

A

the stomach

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40
Q

is the duodenum short

A

yes relatively short

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41
Q

what connects to the duodenum

A

gallbladder and pancreas connect to the duodenum by the bile and pancreatic ducts respectively

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42
Q

where are enzymes and other secretions produced that are important for digestion

A

liver and pancreas

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43
Q

what happens when the enzymes pass through the ducts into the duodenum

A

mix with the food

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44
Q

which is the longest part of the small intestine

A

jejunum

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45
Q

what is found in the jejunum

A

finger-like projections called villi

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46
Q

what do villi do

A

Villi protrude inward into the food contents and provide a large surface area to absorb nutrients

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47
Q

what is the ileum

A

a passageway into the large intestine

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48
Q

what does the gall bladder do

A

a storage receptacle for bile

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49
Q

what is bile

A

a fluid that is essential for digesting food in the stomach and intestines

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50
Q

what does the liver function in

A

secretion of the bile

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51
Q

what does the bile duct do

A

transports bile from the liver into the gallbladder and into the small intestine

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52
Q

what is insulin

A

regulates glucose in the body

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53
Q

what does insulin allow glucose to do

A

allows glucose in bloodstream to leave and enter cells

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54
Q

pancreas 2 main functions

A
  • produces insulin to regulate glucose

- produces digestive enzymes to help digest food

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55
Q

protease enzyme

A

breaks down protein

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56
Q

what is the protease enzyme called in dogs

A

trypsin

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57
Q

lipase enzyme

A

breaks down fat

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58
Q

amylase enzyme

A

breaks down carbohydrates

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59
Q

what does the large intestine connect

A

small intestine to the anus

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60
Q

the large intestine is _______ and _______ than the small intestine

A

The large intestine is wider and shorter than the small intestine

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61
Q

what does the large intestine include (4)

A

cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

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62
Q

what is the longest part of the large intestine

A

colon

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63
Q

3 sections of the colon are

A

ascending, transverse and descending

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64
Q

primary function of the colon

A

absorb water from feces as needed,

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65
Q

by absorbing water from the feces what does this do

A

keeps the hydration level of the body constant

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66
Q

secondary function of the colon

A

store fecal matter awaiting passage from the body

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67
Q

what is bloat

A

100% MEDICAL EMERGENCY!!!!

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68
Q

another name for bloat

A

GDV - gastric dilatation volvulus

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69
Q

what happens during gastric dilatation

A

the stomach fills up with air and puts pressure on the other organs and diaphragm

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70
Q

the pressure creates does gastric dilatation what to the dog

A

The pressure on the diaphragm makes it difficult for the dog to breathe

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71
Q

what can the air filled stomach compress which prevents what

A

compresses large veins in the abdomen, thus preventing blood from returning to the heart

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72
Q

what happens after the stomach is filled with air

A

the stomach can easily rotate on itself, thus pinching off its blood supply

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73
Q

what is the rotation of the stomach called

A

volvulus

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74
Q

which breed is most susceptible to bloat

A

Great Danes or large, deep chested dogs

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75
Q

dogs most at risk (4)

A
  • older than 7
  • males 2x more likely
  • dogs fed once a day
  • nervous dogs
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76
Q

4 bloat symptoms

A

bloated abdomen, retching, restlessness, panting

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77
Q

what surgery prevents bloat in the future

A

gastropexy

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78
Q

what is a foreign body

A

Anything ingested by the animal that will not readily pass through the digestive tract

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79
Q

examples of foreign bodies (3)

A 
toys 
bones
underwear
string
grass 
hair
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80
Q

3 symptoms of a foreign body

A

vomiting inappetence

tender abdomen

81
Q

what can string especially do to the intestinal tract

A

especially strings, can often lead to perforation of the intestinal tract and spillage of intestinal contents into the abdomen.

82
Q

peritonitis

A

to inflammation of the abdominal lining

83
Q

peritonitis leads to

A

sepsis

84
Q

sepsis is what

A

bacterial proliferation and contamina

85
Q

when does barium not work

A

Barium will not work with possible perferations

86
Q

EPI stands for what

A

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

87
Q

what does EPI mean

A

a decrease or absence of digestive enzymes

88
Q

most common breed for EPI to exist

A

German shepards

89
Q

what happens to dogs with EPI

A

proteins, starches, and fats found in their diet cannot be broken down into small enough pieces that allow them to be absorbed through the intestinal wall.

90
Q

what can happen if this is not treated

A

without treatment, the dog literally starves to death even though it may be constantly eating

91
Q

what happens to all the nutrients in their food

A

The value and substance of the food, therefore, stays in the gastrointestinal tract and is passed out in the feces undigested

92
Q

symptoms of EPI

A
  • rapid weight loss
  • poor coat quality
  • yellow or clay coloured mashed potato like diarrhea
93
Q

how to treat EPI

A

replacing the dog’s pancreatic enzymes with enzymes from other source

94
Q

what is canine parvovirus (CPV)

A

highly contagious viral illness that affects dogs in the intestinal tract

95
Q

what does Parvo do to the intestinal tract

A

affects the body’s ability to absorb nutrients

96
Q

what happens to puppy with Parvo

A

quickly become dehydrated and weak from lack of protein and fluid absorption.

97
Q

how to prevent Parvo

A

early vaccination in young puppies

98
Q

most Parvo cases are seen in what age of dogs

A

six weeks and six months old

99
Q

parvo symptoms

A
  • Severe, bloody diarrhea
  • Lethargy
  • Anorexia
  • Fever
  • Vomiting
  • Severe weight loss
100
Q

2 main functions of the respiratory system

A
  • exchange of gases

- cooling mechanism

101
Q

what happens with the exchange of gases

A

oxygen is inspired and carbon dioxide is expired

102
Q

3 other functions of the rest system

A
  • warms and humidifies inhaled air
  • filters out particulate material
  • provides a sense of smell
103
Q

upper respiratory tract order (5)

A 
Nose
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
104
Q

what do the nose and mouth both do

A

take air into the body

105
Q

what do cilia do

A

filter debris and foreign material from the air before it enters the body

106
Q

where are cilia found

A

line the nasal cavity

107
Q

what does the nasal cavity do to the air before it enter the trachea

A

warms and moistens the air

108
Q

when is the sense of smell activated

A

As air passes over the back portion of the nose

109
Q

what is the olfactory region area responsible for

A

smell

110
Q

there is extensive blood supply to the ___________ which does what

A
  • Nasal Cavity

- The blood supply to this area is extensive and contributes to warming the inspired air

111
Q

what does the olfactory region contain

A

mucous membrane of this region contains special nerves designed for smell

112
Q

dogs don’t have what

A

sweat glands - except on their feet

113
Q

how do dogs cool down

A

they pant

114
Q

how does panting help cool down a dog

A

By breathing faster, warm air is exchanged from the body for the cooler outside air

115
Q

where is the pharynx located

A

at the back of the mouth and throat

116
Q

what does the pharynx do

A

both food and air are transported to deeper structures

117
Q

what is the nasopharynx

A

The portion of the pharynx that is part of the respiratory tract

118
Q

what does the nasopharynx connect

A

the back of the nasal cavity to the larynx

119
Q

another name for larynx

A

voice box

120
Q

where is the larynx located

A

directly behind the base of the tongue and soft palate

121
Q

what is the larynx in between

A

the pharynx and the trachea

122
Q

what do the the larynx and epiglottis do

A

covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter into the windpipe

123
Q

what happens in the larynx

A

all sounds are created such as growling, purring, vocalizing

124
Q

what is the trachea made of

A

many C-shaped cartilages that are strung together

125
Q

what does the trachea connect

A

connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs

126
Q

what happens at the end of the trachea

A

it splits into two branches, with one branch for each set of lung

127
Q

the 2 split branches are new airway passages called what

A

brooch

128
Q

the trachea is what shape

A

semi-rigid, flexible tube

129
Q

what is the trachea lined with

A

cilia

130
Q

how do debris and foreign substances get out of the trachea

A

returns those substances to the mouth through the act of coughing.

131
Q

what does the trachea do

A

serves to conduct air downward into the lungs

132
Q

what do the bronchi do

A

bring air from the trachea into the lungs

133
Q

what are the bronchi lined with

A

cilia

134
Q

the cilia and mucous membranes do what in the bronchi

A

trap particles to be expelled via coughing

135
Q

the main bronchi divide into what

A

smaller bronchi then

bronchioles then alveoli

136
Q

what are alveoli

A

tiny air pockets within the lung

137
Q

what happens in the alveoli

A

the blood makes contact with the individual cells in the lungs and oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide

138
Q

how are alveolus suppled

A

by a vast network of microscopic blood vessels known as capillaries

139
Q

what is Intubation

A

Placement of a somewhat flexible plastic tube into the trachea to maintain a patent airway during anesthesia

140
Q

what does intubation do

A

Delivers oxygen and/or anesthetic directly to the lungs

141
Q

what can happen when you intubate

A

Can easily place the tube into the esophagus

142
Q

what will happen when the tube is placed correctly

A

cough

143
Q

what must you do before you intubate a cat

A

laryngeal spray first

144
Q

what is wrong if an animal starts to wake up when placing the tube

A

not in the right spot

145
Q

what should you visualize to confirm successful intubation

A

larynx

146
Q

what is Laryngeal paralysis

A

is a disorder in which the nerves that control the muscles and cartilage that open and close the larynx do not function properly

147
Q

what does Laryngeal paralysis cause

A
  • voice changes

- difficulty with eating or breathing

148
Q

what does the laryngeal cartilages normally do

A

pulled open during breathing

149
Q

if Laryngeal paralysis occurs the laryngeal cartilages are not functioning normally why

A

cartilages do not open and close properly, making it difficult for the animal to take in air normally

150
Q

what is a common type of dog to get Laryngeal paralysis

A
  • older, large breed dogs
  • Labrador Retrievers -Golden Retrievers
  • Saint Bernards
  • Siberian Huskies
151
Q

the larynx is normal at birth but what happens over time to cause Laryngeal paralysis

A

the nerves and muscles that control the laryngeal cartilages lose function

152
Q

what surgery will help with Laryngeal paralysis

A

laryngeal tie back

153
Q

what happens during a laryngeal tie back

A

involves putting one or more permanent sutures in place to hold the arytenoid cartilage open so that adequate air can pass through

154
Q

what is a collapsing trachea

A

the trachea will lose its rigidity and collapse while the dog is breathing

155
Q

how does a collapsing trachea happen

A

cartilage rings weaken and the trachea no longer has proper support for unknown reasons

156
Q

how is the trachea supported

A

tough rings made of cartilage

157
Q

symptoms of a collapsed trachea (4)

A
  • Dry honking cough
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Unproductive efforts to vomit (retching)
  • Abnormally rapid breathing
  • Abnormal breathing sounds
  • Inability to perform routine exercises
  • Bluish colored membranes
  • Spontaneous loss of consciousness
158
Q

collapsing trachea is most common in what kind of breeds

A
  • Miniature poodles
  • Yorkshire terriers
  • Chihuahuas
  • Pomeranians
  • other small and toy breeds
159
Q

virus associate with kernel cough

A

Bordetella

160
Q

is there a vaccine for kennel cough

A

yes

161
Q

when do dogs typically get kennel cough

A

Often acquired after boarding or playing with other dogs as is transmitted via direct contact

162
Q

is treat meant always required

A

-NO

163
Q

how can you make kennel cough worse

A

palpation of trachea

164
Q

what does kennel cough typically present as

A

dry, hacking cough – sometimes like a “goose honk”

165
Q

URI mean what

A

Upper Respiratory Infection

166
Q

URI are most common in ____

A

cats

167
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract order

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
168
Q

two most common characteristics of URI

A

sneezing

eye discharge

169
Q

what does a URI effect

A

mouth, nasal passages, sinuses, upper airway

170
Q

what are 80-90% of URI cases caused by

A

feline herpes

171
Q

another name for feline herpes

A

rhinotracheitis virus

172
Q

another reason for for URI

A

calicivirus

173
Q

how are the rhinotracheitis and calicivirus virus spread

A

spread through contact with the discharge from the eyes and nose of an infected cat

174
Q

what can transmit these viruses

A

Food dishes, hands, bedding, etc., which have been contaminated with infected discharge, can transmit these viruses from one cat to another.

175
Q

treatment for URIs

A

making sure the cat is eating, hydrated and resting

176
Q

bad URIs may require

A

oral antibiotics

eye ointments

177
Q

how to prevent URI’s

A

vaccines

178
Q

pneumothorax is what

A

Air inside the chest cavity, but outside the lungs

179
Q

what does a pneumothorax do

A

Air outside of the lungs prevent them from inflating normally and can lead to lung collapse

180
Q

symptoms of pneumothorax

A
  • rapid breathing, -respiratory distress
  • tachycardia
  • bluish mucous membranes
181
Q

what is abdominal breathing

A

breath seems to be the abdominal wall moving rather than the chest expanding

182
Q

what is subcutaneous emphysema

A

air trapped under the skin and it feels like “crackling”

183
Q

what is hemothorax

A

Blood in the chest cavity

184
Q

what is the cause of a hemothorax

A

Can be due to trauma or disease process

185
Q

how to treat or drain a hemothorax

A

Thoracocentesis

186
Q

how to diagnose a hemothorax

A

x-ray and/or ultrasound

187
Q

signs and symptoms of a hemothorax

A

same as pneumothorax

188
Q

what is Pleural Effusion

A

Abnormal amounts of fluid in the chest cavity

189
Q

what is the cause of a Pleural Effusion

A

Can be due to trauma or disease process

190
Q

signs and symptoms of a Pleural Effusion

A

same as pneumothorax

191
Q

how to diagnose a Pleural Effusion

A

x-ray and/or ultrasound

192
Q

how to treat or drain a Pleural Effusion

A

Thoracocentesis

193
Q

what is dyspnea

A

open mouth, panting, stretched neck

194
Q

what is a Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

Muscular partition between the chest and the abdomen has been torn or is otherwise disrupted

195
Q

what is the cause of a Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

Can be congenital or through trauma

196
Q

what can happen to the abdominal contents when a Diaphragmatic Hernia occurs

A

Abdominal contents such as stomach, liver, intestines, etc move up into the chest cavity

197
Q

how to diagnose a Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

Diagnostics include x-ray and/or ultrasound

198
Q

signs and symptoms of a Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

Signs include tachycardia and dyspnea

VAP Lab and Lecture (7 decks)

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