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Test 1 Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Acepromazine AE

A

Common: sedation, ataxia. Rare: extrapyramidal effects. Excessive vagal tone especially in brachycephalic breeds. Hypotension. Horses: persistent penile prolapse.

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2
Q

Acepromazine CI

A

Caution to seizure animals. Dystonia. Extrapyramidal effects from phenothiazines.

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3
Q

Acepromazine MOA

A

Inhibits central dopaminergic and is antimuscarinic and blocks norepinephring at adrenergic receptors (alpha receptors). Sedation and vasodialation.

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4
Q

Acepromazine Therapeutic goal

A

Decrease vomiting

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5
Q

Acetaminophen AE

A

High doses: liver toxicity. Cats: severe toxicosis. Toxicity: methemoglobinemia, acute hepatic toxicosis, swelling of paws, Heinz body anemia

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6
Q

Acetaminophen CI

A

Cats, with hepatic drug enzymes

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7
Q

Acetaminophen MOA

A

Analgesic: Inhibits centrally mediated pain by inhibition of COX 3, inhibits prostaglandin H2 synthesis through peroxidase enzyme, stimulates 5HT3 (serotonin) to inhibit pain pathways.

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8
Q

Acetaminophen Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce pain

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9
Q

Altrenogest AE

A

None

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10
Q

Altrenogest CI

A

Pregnant, women, mares or gilts with previous uterine problems (metritis).

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11
Q

Altrenogest MOA

A

Synthetic progestin thus progesterone agonist. Suppresses estrus, predictable estrous activity once discontinued. Useful to induce syncronized normal cycle of estrous.

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12
Q

Altrenogest Therapeutic goal

A

Prevent ovulation

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13
Q

Apomorphine AE

A

Irritation of conjunctival membrane. High dose: sedation. Higher dose: excitement.

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14
Q

Apomorphine CI

A

Caution in cats sensitive to opiates.

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15
Q

Apomorphine MOA

A

Emetic; potent lipophilic agent that crosses the blood brain barrier to stimulate dopamine receptors in the vomiting center. Not absorbed orally due to first pass effect.

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16
Q

Apomorphine Therapeutic goal

A

Emetic

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17
Q

Aspirin AE

A

Narrow therapeutic index. High doses: vomiting, ulceration, bleeding

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18
Q

Aspirin CI

A

Cats, prone to GI ulcers, caution with coagulopathies.

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19
Q

Aspirin MOA

A

NSAID: Inhibits COX enzymes and NF kappa B. COX enzymes are part of prostaglandin syntesis. NF kappa b are part of cytokine (IL1 and IL6) production

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20
Q

Aspirin Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation, Reduce pain

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21
Q

Azathioprine AE

A

Bone marrow suppression, Dogs: diarrhea, 2nd infections, vomiting, hepatotoxicosis, pancreatitis (with corticosteroids)

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22
Q

Azathioprine CI

A

Use extreme caution when administering to cats

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23
Q

Azathioprine MOA

A

Inhibits T-cell lymphocyte function specifically purine metabolism

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24
Q

Azathioprine Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response

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25
Q

Benzocaine AE

A

None

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26
Q

Benzocaine CI

A

None

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27
Q

Benzocaine MOA

A

Inhibits Na channels on neurons thus inhibiting depolarization and conduction of nerve impulses.

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28
Q

Benzocaine Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce pain

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29
Q

Betamethasone AE

A

Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis

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30
Q

Betamethasone CI

A

Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.

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31
Q

Betamethasone MOA

A

Potent, long lasting corticosteroid (no glucocorticoid effects) that inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.

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32
Q

Betamethasone Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response; Replace mineralocorticoid; Reduce inflammation

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33
Q

Budesonide AE

A

After 30 days of treatment there is decreased response to ACTH and decreased cortisol.

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34
Q

Budesonide CI

A

None

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35
Q

Budesonide MOA

A

Corticosteroid. High glucocorticoid and weak mineralocorticoid

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36
Q

Budesonide Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response

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37
Q

Bupivacain AE

A

High dose systemic: nervous system signs. Cat toxicity: bradycardia, arrhythmias, tremors, muscle twitching, seizures. Epidural: respiratory paralysis

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38
Q

Bupivacain CI

A

Prone to reactions from epinephrine

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39
Q

Bupivacain MOA

A

Inhibits Na channels on neurons thus inhibiting depolarization and conduction of nerve impulses. Binds to prostaglandin E2 receptors to inhibit production of prostaglandins thus reduce fever, inflammation, and hyperalgesia

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40
Q

Bupivacain Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

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41
Q

Carprofen AE

A

Vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, decrease T4 concentrations. Rare: idiosyncratic acute hepatic toxicity.

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42
Q

Carprofen CI

A

Cats at dog dose. Prone to GI ulcers, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids). Caution if previous adverse effects from NSAIDs

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43
Q

Carprofen MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing

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44
Q

Carprofen Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

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45
Q

Chlorambucil AE

A

Myelosuppression

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46
Q

Chlorambucil CI

A

Suppressed bone marrow

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47
Q

Chlorambucil MOA

A

Cytotoxic agent: nitrogen mustard

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48
Q

Chlorambucil Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response

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49
Q

Ciclesonide AE

A

Human: headaches, epistaxis, nasopharyngitis, ear pain

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50
Q

Ciclesonide CI

A

Hypersensitivity to any of the ingrediants

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51
Q

Ciclesonide MOA

A

Affinity for glucocorticoid receptor that has anti-inflammatory activity

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52
Q

Ciclesonide Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response

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53
Q

Cisapride AE

A

Human: cardiac effects. High OD in dogs: abdominal pain, aggression, ataxia, fever, vomiting. Higher OD: also diarrhea and CNS reactions

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54
Q

Cisapride CI

A

GI obstructions

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55
Q

Cisapride MOA

A

Increase GI motility: Agonist for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT4) recetors on myenteric neurons, antagonist for 5-HT3 receptor, thus enhanses the release of acetylcholine at the myenteric plexus thereby increasing motility of the stomach, SI, and colon.

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56
Q

Cisapride Therapeutic goal

A

Increase GI motility

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57
Q

Cloprostenol AE

A

Abortion, cattle: high doses cause discomfort, milk letdown, frothing. Endometritis following treatment of pyometra. Dogs: panting, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea 15-45min after injection, mammary enlargement, mild milk production.

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58
Q

Cloprostenol CI

A

Women, humans with respiratory problems

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59
Q

Cloprostenol MOA

A

Synthetic prostaglandin (PGF2-alpha) provides PGF2 alpha effects. Direct luteolytic action on CL. In non-cycling cows induces etrus in 2-5 days. Terminates pregnancy. Resolution of pyometra, mummified fetus, or luteal cyst.

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60
Q

Cloprostenol Therapeutic goal

A

Increase ovulation; terminate pregnancy

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61
Q

Cyclophosphamide AE

A

Toxic to bone marrow (dose dependent), vomiting, diarrhea, sterile hemorrhagic cystitis, hair loss

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62
Q

Cyclophosphamide CI

A

Use cautiously in animals at risk for infection. Teratogenin and embryotoxic. Dont use in pregnant animals.

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63
Q

Cyclophosphamide MOA

A

Cytotoxic and anticancer agent. Nitrogen mustards that alkylate various macromolecules (guanine of DNA), toxic to rapidly proliferating cells

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64
Q

Cyclophosphamide Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response

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65
Q

Cyclosporine AE

A

Dogs: vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia. High doses cause neurotoxicity as tremors, skin lesions, gingival proliferation, peridontitis. Cats: 2nd infections, tumors, toxoplasmosis

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66
Q

Cyclosporine CI

A

Pregnant

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67
Q

Cyclosporine MOA

A

Binds to receptor on calcineurin and inhibits the t cell receptor activated signal transduction pathway. Blocks cytokines (IL 2) and block proliferation of activated T lymphocytes

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68
Q

Cyclosporine Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response

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69
Q

Cyproheptadine AE

A

Polyphagia, weight gain. Cats: hyperactivity.

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70
Q

Cyproheptadine CI

A

None

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71
Q

Cyproheptadine MOA

A

Antiserotonin properties that alter serotonin activity in appetite center.

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72
Q

Cyproheptadine Therapeutic goal

A

Increase appetite

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73
Q

Deracoxib AE

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, ulcers, GI erosions, possible renal toxicity. High dose: azotemia

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74
Q

Deracoxib CI

A

Preexisting GI or renal problems. Use only as single dose in cats

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75
Q

Deracoxib MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing

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76
Q

Deracoxib Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

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77
Q

Desoxycorticosterone pivalate AE

A

High doses: excessive mineralocorticoid effects.

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78
Q

Desoxycorticosterone pivalate CI

A

Pregnant, cautiously with congestive heart failure or renal dz

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79
Q

Desoxycorticosterone pivalate MOA

A

Mineralocorticoid without glucocorticoid activity, mimics the effects of aldosterone by retaining Na.

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80
Q

Desoxycorticosterone pivalate Therapeutic goal

A

Replace mineralocorticoid

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81
Q

Dexamethasone AE

A

Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. High dose glucocorticoids in neurologic patients can lead to excitotoxic cell death and oxidative injury. Horse: additional laminitis

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82
Q

Dexamethasone CI

A

Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant. Give IV slowly due to hemolysis, hypotension, and collapse.

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83
Q

Dexamethasone MOA

A

Corticosteroid that inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive. Glucocorticoid effects.

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84
Q

Dexamethasone Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response; Reduce inflammation

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85
Q

Diazepam AE

A

IM or SQ can be painful/irritating. IV can cause phlebitis. Common: sedation. Dogs: ataxia and increased appetite, excitement and agitation. Cats: idiopathic fatal hepatic necrosis. Chronic use: dependence and withdrawl syndrome.

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86
Q

Diazepam CI

A

Impaired liver function. Long term use in cats can lead to liver toxicity.

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87
Q

Diazepam MOA

A

Potentiation of GABA-receptor-mediated effects in CNS.

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88
Q

Diazepam Therapeutic goal

A

Increase appetite

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89
Q

Diclofenac AE

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, ulcers, GI erosions, possible renal toxicity.

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90
Q

Diclofenac CI

A

Hypersensitivity to any of the ingrediants

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91
Q

Diclofenac MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation

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92
Q

Diclofenac Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

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93
Q

Dinoprost AE

A

Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bronchoconstriction, increase blood pressure.

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94
Q

Dinoprost CI

A

Humans: respiratory problems, pregnant.Induces abortion. Dont administer IV

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95
Q

Dinoprost MOA

A

Synthetic prostaglandin (PGF2-alpha) provides PGF2 alpha effects. Direct luteolytic action on CL. In non-cycling cows induces etrus in 2-5 days. Terminates pregnancy. Resolution of pyometra, mummified fetus, or luteal cyst.

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96
Q

Dinoprost Therapeutic goal

A

Increase ovulation; terminate pregnancy

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97
Q

Diphenhydramine AE

A

Sedation, dry mouth, decreased GI secretions. High doses: excitement.

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98
Q

Diphenhydramine CI

A

Glaucoma, ileus, or cardiac arrhythmias

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99
Q

Diphenhydramine MOA

A

Antihistamine: blocks H1 receptor and suppresses inflammation caused by histamine.Antiemetic: block histamine in vomiting control centers.

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100
Q

Diphenhydramine Therapeutic goal

A

Antiemetic

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101
Q

eCG MOA

A

Mare: LH like action causing ovulation/luteinization of follicles. All other animals: FSH like action.

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102
Q

eCG Therapeutic goal

A

Increase ovulation

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103
Q

Erythromycin AE

A

Large animals: diarrhea. Foals: hyperthermia. Small animals: vomiting, diarrhea. Rodents and rabbits: serious/fatal diarrhea.

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104
Q

Erythromycin CI

A

Rodents and rabbits. Giving IM IV.

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105
Q

Erythromycin MOA

A

GI motility: stimulation of motilin receptors. Antibiotics: binds 50S ribosome in bacteria to inhibit protein synthesis. Spectrum: gram positive aerobic bacteria and mycoplasma. Cattle: Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni.

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106
Q

Erythromycin Therapeutic goal

A

Increase GI motility

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107
Q

Etodolac AE

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, ulcers, GI erosions, possible renal toxicity, keratoconjunctivitis sicca. High dose in horses: GI toxicity

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108
Q

Etodolac CI

A

Prone to GI ulcers, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids), prone to KCS, compromised renal function. Caution if previous adverse effects from NSAIDs

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109
Q

Etodolac MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing in horses but not in dogs

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110
Q

Etodolac Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

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111
Q

Famotidine AE

A

Hemolysis when rapidly injected IV in cats. Seen with decreased renal clearance.

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112
Q

Famotidine CI

A

Caution when giving IV

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113
Q

Famotidine MOA

A

Antiulcer agent; inhibit histamine on H2 receptors of parietal cells, inhibits gastric parietal cell thus dec gastric acid secretion thus increases stomach pH.

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114
Q

Famotidine Therapeutic goal

A

Antiulcer agent

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115
Q

Finasteride AE

A

None in dogs.

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116
Q

Finasteride CI

A

Pregnant

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117
Q

Finasteride MOA

A

Synthetic steroid type II 5 alpha reductase inhibitor. Inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.

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118
Q

Finasteride Therapeutic goal

A

Change male reproduction

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119
Q

Firocoxib AE

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, ulcers, GI erosions, possible renal toxicity. Horse: behavior change, rare GI problems, high dose causes ulcers, azotemia, renal injury, erosion of skin and oral mucosa, prolonged bleeding. Dogs: behavior changes

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120
Q

Firocoxib CI

A

Dogs and Cats: preexisting GI or renal problems. Horses: Toxicity at recommended doses exceeding 30 day treatment

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121
Q

Firocoxib MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing

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122
Q

Firocoxib Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

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123
Q

Flumethasone AE

A

Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis

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124
Q

Flumethasone CI

A

Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.

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125
Q

Flumethasone MOA

A

Potent glucocorticoid that inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.

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126
Q

Flumethasone Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response; Reduce inflammation

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127
Q

Flunixin AE

A

High doses or prolonged use: gastritis and GI ulcers. Horses: affect recovery from ischemic intestinal injury, IM myositis and abscess. Reduced renal perfusion.

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128
Q

Flunixin CI

A

Pregnant near term, calves for veal, bulls for repro

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129
Q

Flunixin MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation

130
Q

Flunixin Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

131
Q

Flurbiprofen AE

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, ulcers, GI erosions, possible renal toxicity.

132
Q

Flurbiprofen CI

A

Hypersensitivity to any of the ingrediants, severe reactions to NSAID or aspirin.

133
Q

Flurbiprofen MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation

134
Q

Flurbiprofen Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

135
Q

Fluticasone AE

A

Low severity: adrenal suppression

136
Q

Fluticasone CI

A

Use cautiously in animals with oral or respiratory tract infections

137
Q

Fluticasone MOA

A

Glucocorticoids that inhibit gene transcription for production of mediators involved in airway inflammation as well as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet activtating factors.Enhance action of adrenergic agonists on beta 2 receptors

138
Q

Fluticasone Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response

139
Q

FSH AE

A

None in animals. Humans: thromboembolism, sever ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, ovarian enlargement, ovarian cysts

140
Q

FSH CI

141
Q

FSH MOA

A

Follicular growth and stimulates OV.

142
Q

FSH Therapeutic goal

A

Increase ovulation

143
Q

Gonadorelin AE

144
Q

Gonadorelin CI

A

None listed. Probably don’t want to give to pregnant and use caution when handled by women.

145
Q

Gonadorelin MOA

A

Stimulates the release of LH to cause OV and luteinization.

146
Q

Gonadorelin Therapeutic goal

A

Increase ovulation

147
Q

hCG AE

148
Q

hCG CI

A

Pregnant. Caution when handles by women.

149
Q

hCG MOA

A

Induces luteinization in animals to stimulate ovulation.

150
Q

hCG Therapeutic goal

A

Increase ovulation

151
Q

Hydrocortisone AE

A

Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis

152
Q

Hydrocortisone AE

A

Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infec

153
Q

Hydrocortisone CI

A

Caution with prone to ulcers, infection need wound healing, diabetic, renal failure, or pregnant animals.

154
Q

Hydrocortisone CI

A

Prone to ulcers, infection, or need wound healing. Caution in diabetic animals, renal failure, or pregnant.

155
Q

Hydrocortisone MOA

A

Glucocorticoid with weak anti-inflammatory effect and greater mineralocorticoid effect. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.

156
Q

Hydrocortisone MOA

A

Glucocorticoid: Inhibition of inflammatory cells and supress the gene expression of inflammatory mediators

157
Q

Hydrocortisone Therapeutic goal

A

Replace glucocorticoid; Replace mineralocorticoid

158
Q

Hydrocortisone Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation

159
Q

Ibuprofen AE

A

Decrease renal perfusion. Dogs: vomiting, severe GI ulcers, hemorrhage.

160
Q

Ibuprofen CI

A

Prone to GI ulcers, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids)

161
Q

Ibuprofen MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation

162
Q

Ibuprofen Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

163
Q

Insulin AE

A

OD: hypoglycemia. Glargine form may sting on injection

164
Q

Insulin CI

A

Be able to monitor glucose. Use caution when mixing different insulin.

165
Q

Insulin MOA

A

Replace deficient insulin

166
Q

Insulin Therapeutic goal

A

Replace insulin

167
Q

isoflupredone AE

A

Hypokalemia, polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis

168
Q

isoflupredone CI

A

Caution with prone to ulcers, infection, need wound healing, diabetic, pregnant, young and rapidly growing.

169
Q

isoflupredone MOA

A

Corticosteroid with gluco- and mineralocorticoid effects. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.

170
Q

isoflupredone Therapeutic goal

A

Replace glucocorticoid; Replace mineralocorticoid; Reduce inflammation

171
Q

Ketoprofen AE

A

GI ulcers. Prolonged use: dogs get pyloric lesions and fecal occult blood

172
Q

Ketoprofen CI

A

Prone to GI ulcers, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids). Don’t use extended-release formulations

173
Q

Ketoprofen MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation

174
Q

Ketoprofen Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

175
Q

Lidocaine AE

A

Cardiac arrhythmias, Cats: methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, IV death, anesthetic dec CO, cardiovascular depression, dec O2 delivery to tissues. Horses: mm fasciculations, rapid blinking, anxiety, ataxia, weakness, seizures. High dose: tremors, twitching, seizures, vomiting.

176
Q

Lidocaine CI

A

Use low doses for cats. Decreased blood flow to liver may reduce clearance.

177
Q

Lidocaine MOA

A

Increase GI motility: suppression of painful stimuli, anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils. Local anesthetic: inhibits nerve conduction by blocking the Na channel

178
Q

Lidocaine Therapeutic goal

A

Increase GI motility; Reduce inflammation; Reduce pain

179
Q

Maropitant AE

A

Slight pain or irritation SQ. Excess salivation and muscle tremors.

180
Q

Maropitant CI

A

Accumulation after repeated doses.

181
Q

Maropitant MOA

A

Antiemetic for central and peripheral sources: blocks neurokinin-1 receptor in the emetic center.

182
Q

Maropitant Therapeutic goal

A

Antiemetic

183
Q

Megestrol AE

A

Polyphagia, polydipsia, increased risk of diabetes, pyomentra, diarrhea, and increased risk of neoplasia. Cat: adrenal suppression

184
Q

Megestrol CI

A

Diabetic, pregnant

185
Q

Megestrol MOA

A

Progestin hormone mimics the effects of progesterone. It feeds back on the pituitary to inhibit LH thus stopping maturation of follicles and ovulation.

186
Q

Megestrol Therapeutic goal

A

Prevent ovulation

187
Q

Melengesterol AE

A

Polyphagia, polydipsia, increased risk of diabetes, pyomentra, diarrhea, and increased risk of neoplasia. Cat: adrenal suppression

188
Q

Melengesterol CI

A

Diabetic, pregnant

189
Q

Melengesterol MOA

A

Progestin hormone mimics the effects of progesterone. It feeds back on the pituitary to inhibit LH thus stopping maturation of follicles and ovulation.

190
Q

Melengesterol Therapeutic goal

A

Prevent ovulation

191
Q

Meloxicam AE

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, ulcers, renal toxicity in dehydrated/renal dz

192
Q

Meloxicam CI

A

GI or renal problems. Oral meloxicam has xylitol (toxic to dogs)

193
Q

Meloxicam MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing

194
Q

Meloxicam Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

195
Q

Mepivacaine AE

A

High doses systemically: nervous system signs. Epidural admin: respiratory paralysis with high dose

196
Q

Mepivacaine CI

197
Q

Mepivacaine MOA

A

Antagonist of Na channels in nerves thus inhibiting neural conduction

198
Q

Mepivacaine Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce pain

199
Q

Methimazole AE

A

All dose dependent. Anorexia, vomiting. Cats: polyarthritis, alopecia, scaling and crusting of head and face, vasculitis, bone marrow changes, abnormal platelet counts, low blood counts over time.

200
Q

Methimazole CI

A

Thrombocytopenia (bleeding problems), adverse reaction to propylthiouracil.

201
Q

Methimazole MOA

A

Antithyroid drug serves as a substrate for thyroid peroxidase to inhibit it and decrease incorporation of iodide into T4 and T3. Also inhibits coupling of residues to T4 and T3.

202
Q

Methimazole Therapeutic goal

A

Block T4 production

203
Q

Methylprednisolone AE

A

Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis

204
Q

Methylprednisolone CI

A

Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.

205
Q

Methylprednisolone MOA

A

Corticosteroid with glucocorticoid effects. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.

206
Q

Methylprednisolone Therapeutic goal

A

Replace glucocorticoid activity

207
Q

Metoclopramide AE

A

Simular to acepromazine. Horses AEs are common: behavioral changes, excitement, abdominal discomfort. Calves: neruologic effects

208
Q

Metoclopramide CI

A

Epilepsy, diseases caused by GI obstructions

209
Q

Metoclopramide MOA

A

Antiemetic: stimulates motility of upper GI by stimulating 5-HT4 (serotonin) receptors, increase release of ACh in GI tract, anti-dopamine inhibits gastric relaxation

210
Q

Metoclopramide Therapeutic goal

A

Antiemetic

211
Q

Misoprostol AE

A

GI discomfort, vomiting, diarrhea, abortion.

212
Q

Misoprostol CI

213
Q

Misoprostol MOA

A

Synthetic analogue of PGE1 causing a cytoprotective effect on GI mucosa thus decreasing the damage to GI mucosa by NSAIDs.Anti-inflammatory effects.

214
Q

Misoprostol Therapeutic goal

A

Antiulcer agent

215
Q

Mitotane AE

A

Lethargy, weakness, anorexia, ataxia, depression, vomiting, signs of liver dz, head pressing, blindness

216
Q

Mitotane CI

A

Must be able to monitor cortisol serum response.

217
Q

Mitotane MOA

A

Cytotoxic agent that binds to adrenal proteins is converted to a reactive metabolite then destroys the cells of the zona fasciculata and reticularis of adrenal cortex.

218
Q

Mitotane Therapeutic goal

A

Destroys adrenal cortex

219
Q

Mycophenolate AE

A

to infection

220
Q

Mycophenolate CI

A

Caution in prone to infection

221
Q

Mycophenolate MOA

A

Inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase which is used for gene creation

222
Q

Mycophenolate Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response

223
Q

Naproxen AE

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, ulcers, renal toxicity in dehydrated/renal dz Dogs: severe ulceration. Repeated dose: renal ischemia/injury

224
Q

Naproxen CI

A

Prone to GI ulcers, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids). Caution owners that human pill has too much drug for dog.

225
Q

Naproxen MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation

226
Q

Naproxen Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

227
Q

N-butylscopolammonium bromide AE

A

Sympathetic effects: increase HR, decrease secretions, dry mucous membranes, decreased GI motility, dilated pupils.

228
Q

N-butylscopolammonium bromide CI

A

When decreased motility is bad.

229
Q

N-butylscopolammonium bromide MOA

A

Antispasmotic, antimuscarinic, anticholinergic. Inhibits secretions and motility of GI.

230
Q

N-butylscopolammonium bromide Therapeutic goal

A

Decrease GI motility

231
Q

Neostigmine AE

A

Parasympathetic effects: Diarrhea, increased secretions, miosis, bradycardia, muscle twitching, weakness, constriction of bronchi and ureters.

232
Q

Neostigmine CI

A

Urinary or intestinal obstruction, asthma or bronchoconstriction, pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmias, patients sensitive to bromide. Caution when using in patients with seizures receiving bromide.

233
Q

Neostigmine MOA

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor.

234
Q

Neostigmine Therapeutic goal

A

Increase GI motility

235
Q

Oclacitinib AE

A

Diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, lethargy

236
Q

Oclacitinib CI

237
Q

Oclacitinib MOA

A

Inhibits a variety of pruritogenic cytokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytokinse (JAK1 or JAK3 dependent) and involved in allergies.

238
Q

Oclacitinib Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation

239
Q

Omeprazole AE

A

Dogs: diarrhea.

240
Q

Omeprazole CI

A

Xylitol is toxic dogs at high doses.

241
Q

Omeprazole MOA

A

Antiulcer: Increases stomach pH by inhibiting gastric acid secretion by inhibiting K+/H+ pump.

242
Q

Omeprazole Therapeutic goal

A

Antiulcer agent

243
Q

Ondansetron AE

244
Q

Ondansetron CI

245
Q

Ondansetron MOA

A

Antiemetic: inhibits serotonin type 3 receptors (5-HT3),

246
Q

Ondansetron Therapeutic goal

A

Antiemetic

247
Q

Oxytocin AE

248
Q

Oxytocin CI

A

Pregnant unless ment to induce parturition. Not until cervix is fully relaxed. Not if fetus is presented abnormally.

249
Q

Oxytocin MOA

A

Stimulates oxytocin receptors to stimulate uterine muscle contractions. When admin near luteolysis it stimulates PGF2 alpha secretions and disrupts luteolysis.

250
Q

Oxytocin Therapeutic goal

A

Terminate pregnancy

251
Q

Pergolide AE

A

Inhibit prolactin, increase growth hormone, inhibit lactation, ataxia, dyskinesia. Humans: fibrotic valvulopathy. Horses: anorexia, diarrhea, colic, worsening of laminitis. Dogs: vomiting, tremors, anorexia, restlessness, diarrhea.

252
Q

Pergolide CI

253
Q

Pergolide MOA

A

Dopamin agonist that stimulates postsynaptic dopamine receptors (D1, D2). Dopamine then antagonises ACTH release which helps Cushing’s dz expessially in horses.

254
Q

Pergolide Therapeutic goal

A

Initiates cortisol production; replaces ACTH

255
Q

Phenylbutazone AE

A

Gastritis, ulcers, renal injury/ischemia, Dog: bone marrow depression. Horses: GI ulcers, decreased proteoglycan synthesis in articular cartilage

256
Q

Phenylbutazone CI

A

Don’t give IM. Prone to GI ulcers, compromised renal function, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids)

257
Q

Phenylbutazone MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation

258
Q

Phenylbutazone Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

259
Q

Physostigmine AE

A

Parasympathetic effects: Diarrhea, increased secretions, miosis, bradycardia, muscle twitching, weakness, constriction of bronchi and ureters.

260
Q

Physostigmine CI

A

Do not administer with choline esters (bethanechol)

261
Q

Physostigmine MOA

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor. Crosses the blood brain barrier.

262
Q

Physostigmine Therapeutic goal

A

Increase GI motility

263
Q

Piroxicam AE

A

GI toxicity, renal toxicity (previous dehydration or compromised renal function), toxic epidermal necrolysis

264
Q

Piroxicam CI

A

Caution in dogs, renal dz, concurrently with other renal damaging drugs (cisplatin). Don’t use human formulation. Prone to GI ulcers, pregnant.

265
Q

Piroxicam MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing

266
Q

Piroxicam Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain

267
Q

Prednisolone AE

A

Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis

268
Q

Prednisolone CI

A

Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.

269
Q

Prednisolone MOA

A

Corticosteroid with glucocorticoid effects. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.

270
Q

Prednisolone Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response; Reduce inflammation

271
Q

Prednisone AE

A

Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis

272
Q

Prednisone CI

A

Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.

273
Q

Prednisone MOA

A

Corticosteroid with glucocorticoid effects. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.

274
Q

Prednisone Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response; Reduce inflammation

275
Q

Progesterone CIDR AE

276
Q

Progesterone CIDR CI

A

Avoid contact in humans. Cattle of insufficient age, size, or mutant/infected genital organs for breeding. Pregnant

277
Q

Progesterone CIDR MOA

A

Synthetic progesterone removal results in predictable return to estrus

278
Q

Progesterone CIDR Therapeutic goal

A

Prevent ovulation

279
Q

Proparacaine AE

A

Slight pain and conjunctival irritation, rare acute hyperallergic reaction

280
Q

Proparacaine CI

281
Q

Proparacaine MOA

A

Antagonist of Na channels in nerves thus inhibiting neural conduction

282
Q

Proparacaine Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce pain

283
Q

Pyridostigmine AE

A

Fewer AEs than Neostigmine. Parasympathetic effects: Diarrhea, increased secretions, miosis, bradycardia, muscle twitching, weakness, constriction of bronchi and ureters.

284
Q

Pyridostigmine CI

A

Urinary or intestinal obstruction, asthma or bronchoconstriction, pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmias, patients sensitive to bromide. Caution when using in patients with seizures receiving bromide.

285
Q

Pyridostigmine MOA

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor.

286
Q

Pyridostigmine Therapeutic goal

A

Increase GI motility

287
Q

Ranitidine AE

A

Human: high dose CNS signs. AEs only seen with decreased renal clearance.

288
Q

Ranitidine CI

A

Renal disease/failure

289
Q

Ranitidine MOA

A

Increase GI motility: Anticholinesterase. Increase stomach pH: Antagonist of H2 in gastric parietal cell.

290
Q

Ranitidine Therapeutic goal

A

Increase GI motility

291
Q

Robenacoxib AE

A

Vomiting, anorexia

292
Q

Robenacoxib CI

293
Q

Robenacoxib MOA

A

NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing

294
Q

Robenacoxib Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce pain

295
Q

Sucralfate AE

296
Q

Sucralfate CI

297
Q

Sucralfate MOA

A

Antiulcer: Gastric mucosa protectant: forms sucrose octasulfate and aluminum hydroxide in the stomach which binds to the damaged mucosa.

298
Q

Sucralfate Therapeutic goal

A

Antiulcer agent

299
Q

Tacrolimus AE

A

Burning/puritic with topical. GI signs with systemic administration

300
Q

Tacrolimus CI

A

Prone to infection

301
Q

Tacrolimus MOA

A

Binds to intracellular receptor and to calcineurin and inhibits that pathway to prevent stimulation of the nuclear factor (NFAT transcription factor for IL 2)

302
Q

Tacrolimus Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response

303
Q

Thyroxine AE

A

OD: signs of thyrotoxicosis which are polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, reduced heat tolerance and hyperactivity or personality change

304
Q

Thyroxine CI

A

Thyrotoxicosis, acute mycardial infarction, uncorrected adrenal insufficiency.

305
Q

Thyroxine MOA

A

Replace deficiency in thyroid

306
Q

Thyroxine Therapeutic goal

A

Replace T4

307
Q

Tramadol AE

A

Cats: vomiting, behavior changes, exitement, mydriasis, euphoria or dysphoria. Horses: short term agitation, decreased gut sounds, nervous signs, tachycardia, sweating. Dogs: sedation, very high dose- seizures

308
Q

Tramadol CI

A

Caution if concurrent with CNS depressing drugs, renal dz, or seizure disorders

309
Q

Tramadol MOA

A

Some mu-opioid receptor action, inhibits reuptake norepinephrine and serotonin 5 HT thus effects alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in pain paths

310
Q

Tramadol Therapeutic goal

A

Reduce pain

311
Q

Triamcinolone AE

A

Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. High dose glucocorticoids in neurologic patients can lead to excitotoxic cell death and oxidative injury. Horse: additional laminitis

312
Q

Triamcinolone AE

A

Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis

313
Q

Triamcinolone CI

A

Use cautiously when prone to ulcers, infection, or wound healing, diabetes, renal failure, pregnancy.

314
Q

Triamcinolone CI

A

Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.

315
Q

Triamcinolone MOA

A

glucocorticoid. Anti inflammator via inhibition of inflammatory cells and suppression of DNA expression of inflammatory mediators.

316
Q

Triamcinolone MOA

A

Corticosteroid with glucocorticoid effects. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.

317
Q

Triamcinolone Therapeutic goal

A

Suppress immune response; Reduce inflammation

318
Q

Triamcinolone Therapeutic goal

A

Replace glucocorticoid activity

319
Q

Trilostane AE

A

Transient lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, decreased aldosterone, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia.

320
Q

Trilostane CI

A

Use caution in animals with low potassium. Don’t use with aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone).

321
Q

Trilostane MOA

A

Inhibits synthesis of cortisol in dogs. Inhibits 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenate thus interferring with cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex. Used for pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs.

322
Q

Trilostane Therapeutic goal

A

Block cortisol production

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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