Test 1 Drugs Flashcards
1
Q
Acepromazine AE
A
Common: sedation, ataxia. Rare: extrapyramidal effects. Excessive vagal tone especially in brachycephalic breeds. Hypotension. Horses: persistent penile prolapse.
2
Q
Acepromazine CI
A
Caution to seizure animals. Dystonia. Extrapyramidal effects from phenothiazines.
3
Q
Acepromazine MOA
A
Inhibits central dopaminergic and is antimuscarinic and blocks norepinephring at adrenergic receptors (alpha receptors). Sedation and vasodialation.
4
Q
Acepromazine Therapeutic goal
A
Decrease vomiting
5
Q
Acetaminophen AE
A
High doses: liver toxicity. Cats: severe toxicosis. Toxicity: methemoglobinemia, acute hepatic toxicosis, swelling of paws, Heinz body anemia
6
Q
Acetaminophen CI
A
Cats, with hepatic drug enzymes
7
Q
Acetaminophen MOA
A
Analgesic: Inhibits centrally mediated pain by inhibition of COX 3, inhibits prostaglandin H2 synthesis through peroxidase enzyme, stimulates 5HT3 (serotonin) to inhibit pain pathways.
8
Q
Acetaminophen Therapeutic goal
A
Reduce pain
9
Q
Altrenogest AE
A
None
10
Q
Altrenogest CI
A
Pregnant, women, mares or gilts with previous uterine problems (metritis).
11
Q
Altrenogest MOA
A
Synthetic progestin thus progesterone agonist. Suppresses estrus, predictable estrous activity once discontinued. Useful to induce syncronized normal cycle of estrous.
12
Q
Altrenogest Therapeutic goal
A
Prevent ovulation
13
Q
Apomorphine AE
A
Irritation of conjunctival membrane. High dose: sedation. Higher dose: excitement.
14
Q
Apomorphine CI
A
Caution in cats sensitive to opiates.
15
Q
Apomorphine MOA
A
Emetic; potent lipophilic agent that crosses the blood brain barrier to stimulate dopamine receptors in the vomiting center. Not absorbed orally due to first pass effect.
16
Q
Apomorphine Therapeutic goal
A
Emetic
17
Q
Aspirin AE
A
Narrow therapeutic index. High doses: vomiting, ulceration, bleeding
18
Q
Aspirin CI
A
Cats, prone to GI ulcers, caution with coagulopathies.
19
Q
Aspirin MOA
A
NSAID: Inhibits COX enzymes and NF kappa B. COX enzymes are part of prostaglandin syntesis. NF kappa b are part of cytokine (IL1 and IL6) production
20
Q
Aspirin Therapeutic goal
A
Reduce inflammation, Reduce pain
21
Q
Azathioprine AE
A
Bone marrow suppression, Dogs: diarrhea, 2nd infections, vomiting, hepatotoxicosis, pancreatitis (with corticosteroids)
22
Q
Azathioprine CI
A
Use extreme caution when administering to cats
23
Q
Azathioprine MOA
A
Inhibits T-cell lymphocyte function specifically purine metabolism
24
Q
Azathioprine Therapeutic goal
A
Suppress immune response
25
Benzocaine AE
None
26
Benzocaine CI
None
27
Benzocaine MOA
Inhibits Na channels on neurons thus inhibiting depolarization and conduction of nerve impulses.
28
Benzocaine Therapeutic goal
Reduce pain
29
Betamethasone AE
Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis
30
Betamethasone CI
Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.
31
Betamethasone MOA
Potent, long lasting corticosteroid (no glucocorticoid effects) that inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.
32
Betamethasone Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response; Replace mineralocorticoid; Reduce inflammation
33
Budesonide AE
After 30 days of treatment there is decreased response to ACTH and decreased cortisol.
34
Budesonide CI
None
35
Budesonide MOA
Corticosteroid. High glucocorticoid and weak mineralocorticoid
36
Budesonide Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response
37
Bupivacain AE
High dose systemic: nervous system signs. Cat toxicity: bradycardia, arrhythmias, tremors, muscle twitching, seizures. Epidural: respiratory paralysis
38
Bupivacain CI
Prone to reactions from epinephrine
39
Bupivacain MOA
Inhibits Na channels on neurons thus inhibiting depolarization and conduction of nerve impulses. Binds to prostaglandin E2 receptors to inhibit production of prostaglandins thus reduce fever, inflammation, and hyperalgesia
40
Bupivacain Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
41
Carprofen AE
Vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, decrease T4 concentrations. Rare: idiosyncratic acute hepatic toxicity.
42
Carprofen CI
Cats at dog dose. Prone to GI ulcers, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids). Caution if previous adverse effects from NSAIDs
43
Carprofen MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing
44
Carprofen Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
45
Chlorambucil AE
Myelosuppression
46
Chlorambucil CI
Suppressed bone marrow
47
Chlorambucil MOA
Cytotoxic agent: nitrogen mustard
48
Chlorambucil Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response
49
Ciclesonide AE
Human: headaches, epistaxis, nasopharyngitis, ear pain
50
Ciclesonide CI
Hypersensitivity to any of the ingrediants
51
Ciclesonide MOA
Affinity for glucocorticoid receptor that has anti-inflammatory activity
52
Ciclesonide Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response
53
Cisapride AE
Human: cardiac effects. High OD in dogs: abdominal pain, aggression, ataxia, fever, vomiting. Higher OD: also diarrhea and CNS reactions
54
Cisapride CI
GI obstructions
55
Cisapride MOA
Increase GI motility: Agonist for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT4) recetors on myenteric neurons, antagonist for 5-HT3 receptor, thus enhanses the release of acetylcholine at the myenteric plexus thereby increasing motility of the stomach, SI, and colon.
56
Cisapride Therapeutic goal
Increase GI motility
57
Cloprostenol AE
Abortion, cattle: high doses cause discomfort, milk letdown, frothing. Endometritis following treatment of pyometra. Dogs: panting, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea 15-45min after injection, mammary enlargement, mild milk production.
58
Cloprostenol CI
Women, humans with respiratory problems
59
Cloprostenol MOA
Synthetic prostaglandin (PGF2-alpha) provides PGF2 alpha effects. Direct luteolytic action on CL. In non-cycling cows induces etrus in 2-5 days. Terminates pregnancy. Resolution of pyometra, mummified fetus, or luteal cyst.
60
Cloprostenol Therapeutic goal
Increase ovulation; terminate pregnancy
61
Cyclophosphamide AE
Toxic to bone marrow (dose dependent), vomiting, diarrhea, sterile hemorrhagic cystitis, hair loss
62
Cyclophosphamide CI
Use cautiously in animals at risk for infection. Teratogenin and embryotoxic. Dont use in pregnant animals.
63
Cyclophosphamide MOA
Cytotoxic and anticancer agent. Nitrogen mustards that alkylate various macromolecules (guanine of DNA), toxic to rapidly proliferating cells
64
Cyclophosphamide Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response
65
Cyclosporine AE
Dogs: vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia. High doses cause neurotoxicity as tremors, skin lesions, gingival proliferation, peridontitis. Cats: 2nd infections, tumors, toxoplasmosis
66
Cyclosporine CI
Pregnant
67
Cyclosporine MOA
Binds to receptor on calcineurin and inhibits the t cell receptor activated signal transduction pathway. Blocks cytokines (IL 2) and block proliferation of activated T lymphocytes
68
Cyclosporine Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response
69
Cyproheptadine AE
Polyphagia, weight gain. Cats: hyperactivity.
70
Cyproheptadine CI
None
71
Cyproheptadine MOA
Antiserotonin properties that alter serotonin activity in appetite center.
72
Cyproheptadine Therapeutic goal
Increase appetite
73
Deracoxib AE
Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, ulcers, GI erosions, possible renal toxicity. High dose: azotemia
74
Deracoxib CI
Preexisting GI or renal problems. Use only as single dose in cats
75
Deracoxib MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing
76
Deracoxib Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
77
Desoxycorticosterone pivalate AE
High doses: excessive mineralocorticoid effects.
78
Desoxycorticosterone pivalate CI
Pregnant, cautiously with congestive heart failure or renal dz
79
Desoxycorticosterone pivalate MOA
Mineralocorticoid without glucocorticoid activity, mimics the effects of aldosterone by retaining Na.
80
Desoxycorticosterone pivalate Therapeutic goal
Replace mineralocorticoid
81
Dexamethasone AE
Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. High dose glucocorticoids in neurologic patients can lead to excitotoxic cell death and oxidative injury. Horse: additional laminitis
82
Dexamethasone CI
Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant. Give IV slowly due to hemolysis, hypotension, and collapse.
83
Dexamethasone MOA
Corticosteroid that inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive. Glucocorticoid effects.
84
Dexamethasone Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response; Reduce inflammation
85
Diazepam AE
IM or SQ can be painful/irritating. IV can cause phlebitis. Common: sedation. Dogs: ataxia and increased appetite, excitement and agitation. Cats: idiopathic fatal hepatic necrosis. Chronic use: dependence and withdrawl syndrome.
86
Diazepam CI
Impaired liver function. Long term use in cats can lead to liver toxicity.
87
Diazepam MOA
Potentiation of GABA-receptor-mediated effects in CNS.
88
Diazepam Therapeutic goal
Increase appetite
89
Diclofenac AE
Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, ulcers, GI erosions, possible renal toxicity.
90
Diclofenac CI
Hypersensitivity to any of the ingrediants
91
Diclofenac MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation
92
Diclofenac Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
93
Dinoprost AE
Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bronchoconstriction, increase blood pressure.
94
Dinoprost CI
Humans: respiratory problems, pregnant. Induces abortion. Dont administer IV
95
Dinoprost MOA
Synthetic prostaglandin (PGF2-alpha) provides PGF2 alpha effects. Direct luteolytic action on CL. In non-cycling cows induces etrus in 2-5 days. Terminates pregnancy. Resolution of pyometra, mummified fetus, or luteal cyst.
96
Dinoprost Therapeutic goal
Increase ovulation; terminate pregnancy
97
Diphenhydramine AE
Sedation, dry mouth, decreased GI secretions. High doses: excitement.
98
Diphenhydramine CI
Glaucoma, ileus, or cardiac arrhythmias
99
Diphenhydramine MOA
Antihistamine: blocks H1 receptor and suppresses inflammation caused by histamine.Antiemetic: block histamine in vomiting control centers.
100
Diphenhydramine Therapeutic goal
Antiemetic
101
eCG MOA
Mare: LH like action causing ovulation/luteinization of follicles. All other animals: FSH like action.
102
eCG Therapeutic goal
Increase ovulation
103
Erythromycin AE
Large animals: diarrhea. Foals: hyperthermia. Small animals: vomiting, diarrhea. Rodents and rabbits: serious/fatal diarrhea.
104
Erythromycin CI
Rodents and rabbits. Giving IM IV.
105
Erythromycin MOA
GI motility: stimulation of motilin receptors. Antibiotics: binds 50S ribosome in bacteria to inhibit protein synthesis. Spectrum: gram positive aerobic bacteria and mycoplasma. Cattle: Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni.
106
Erythromycin Therapeutic goal
Increase GI motility
107
Etodolac AE
Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, ulcers, GI erosions, possible renal toxicity, keratoconjunctivitis sicca. High dose in horses: GI toxicity
108
Etodolac CI
Prone to GI ulcers, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids), prone to KCS, compromised renal function. Caution if previous adverse effects from NSAIDs
109
Etodolac MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing in horses but not in dogs
110
Etodolac Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
111
Famotidine AE
Hemolysis when rapidly injected IV in cats. Seen with decreased renal clearance.
112
Famotidine CI
Caution when giving IV
113
Famotidine MOA
Antiulcer agent; inhibit histamine on H2 receptors of parietal cells, inhibits gastric parietal cell thus dec gastric acid secretion thus increases stomach pH.
114
Famotidine Therapeutic goal
Antiulcer agent
115
Finasteride AE
None in dogs.
116
Finasteride CI
Pregnant
117
Finasteride MOA
Synthetic steroid type II 5 alpha reductase inhibitor. Inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
118
Finasteride Therapeutic goal
Change male reproduction
119
Firocoxib AE
Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, ulcers, GI erosions, possible renal toxicity. Horse: behavior change, rare GI problems, high dose causes ulcers, azotemia, renal injury, erosion of skin and oral mucosa, prolonged bleeding. Dogs: behavior changes
120
Firocoxib CI
Dogs and Cats: preexisting GI or renal problems. Horses: Toxicity at recommended doses exceeding 30 day treatment
121
Firocoxib MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing
122
Firocoxib Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
123
Flumethasone AE
Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis
124
Flumethasone CI
Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.
125
Flumethasone MOA
Potent glucocorticoid that inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.
126
Flumethasone Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response; Reduce inflammation
127
Flunixin AE
High doses or prolonged use: gastritis and GI ulcers. Horses: affect recovery from ischemic intestinal injury, IM myositis and abscess. Reduced renal perfusion.
128
Flunixin CI
Pregnant near term, calves for veal, bulls for repro
129
Flunixin MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation
130
Flunixin Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
131
Flurbiprofen AE
Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, ulcers, GI erosions, possible renal toxicity.
132
Flurbiprofen CI
Hypersensitivity to any of the ingrediants, severe reactions to NSAID or aspirin.
133
Flurbiprofen MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation
134
Flurbiprofen Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
135
Fluticasone AE
Low severity: adrenal suppression
136
Fluticasone CI
Use cautiously in animals with oral or respiratory tract infections
137
Fluticasone MOA
Glucocorticoids that inhibit gene transcription for production of mediators involved in airway inflammation as well as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet activtating factors. Enhance action of adrenergic agonists on beta 2 receptors
138
Fluticasone Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response
139
FSH AE
None in animals. Humans: thromboembolism, sever ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, ovarian enlargement, ovarian cysts
140
FSH CI
Pregnant
141
FSH MOA
Follicular growth and stimulates OV.
142
FSH Therapeutic goal
Increase ovulation
143
Gonadorelin AE
None
144
Gonadorelin CI
None listed. Probably don’t want to give to pregnant and use caution when handled by women.
145
Gonadorelin MOA
Stimulates the release of LH to cause OV and luteinization.
146
Gonadorelin Therapeutic goal
Increase ovulation
147
hCG AE
None
148
hCG CI
Pregnant. Caution when handles by women.
149
hCG MOA
Induces luteinization in animals to stimulate ovulation.
150
hCG Therapeutic goal
Increase ovulation
151
Hydrocortisone AE
Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis
152
Hydrocortisone AE
Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infec
153
Hydrocortisone CI
Caution with prone to ulcers, infection need wound healing, diabetic, renal failure, or pregnant animals.
154
Hydrocortisone CI
Prone to ulcers, infection, or need wound healing. Caution in diabetic animals, renal failure, or pregnant.
155
Hydrocortisone MOA
Glucocorticoid with weak anti-inflammatory effect and greater mineralocorticoid effect. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.
156
Hydrocortisone MOA
Glucocorticoid: Inhibition of inflammatory cells and supress the gene expression of inflammatory mediators
157
Hydrocortisone Therapeutic goal
Replace glucocorticoid; Replace mineralocorticoid
158
Hydrocortisone Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation
159
Ibuprofen AE
Decrease renal perfusion. Dogs: vomiting, severe GI ulcers, hemorrhage.
160
Ibuprofen CI
Prone to GI ulcers, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids)
161
Ibuprofen MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation
162
Ibuprofen Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
163
Insulin AE
OD: hypoglycemia. Glargine form may sting on injection
164
Insulin CI
Be able to monitor glucose. Use caution when mixing different insulin.
165
Insulin MOA
Replace deficient insulin
166
Insulin Therapeutic goal
Replace insulin
167
isoflupredone AE
Hypokalemia, polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis
168
isoflupredone CI
Caution with prone to ulcers, infection, need wound healing, diabetic, pregnant, young and rapidly growing.
169
isoflupredone MOA
Corticosteroid with gluco- and mineralocorticoid effects. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.
170
isoflupredone Therapeutic goal
Replace glucocorticoid; Replace mineralocorticoid; Reduce inflammation
171
Ketoprofen AE
GI ulcers. Prolonged use: dogs get pyloric lesions and fecal occult blood
172
Ketoprofen CI
Prone to GI ulcers, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids). Don’t use extended-release formulations
173
Ketoprofen MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation
174
Ketoprofen Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
175
Lidocaine AE
Cardiac arrhythmias, Cats: methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, IV death, anesthetic dec CO, cardiovascular depression, dec O2 delivery to tissues. Horses: mm fasciculations, rapid blinking, anxiety, ataxia, weakness, seizures. High dose: tremors, twitching, seizures, vomiting.
176
Lidocaine CI
Use low doses for cats. Decreased blood flow to liver may reduce clearance.
177
Lidocaine MOA
Increase GI motility: suppression of painful stimuli, anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils. Local anesthetic: inhibits nerve conduction by blocking the Na channel
178
Lidocaine Therapeutic goal
Increase GI motility; Reduce inflammation; Reduce pain
179
Maropitant AE
Slight pain or irritation SQ. Excess salivation and muscle tremors.
180
Maropitant CI
Accumulation after repeated doses.
181
Maropitant MOA
Antiemetic for central and peripheral sources: blocks neurokinin-1 receptor in the emetic center.
182
Maropitant Therapeutic goal
Antiemetic
183
Megestrol AE
Polyphagia, polydipsia, increased risk of diabetes, pyomentra, diarrhea, and increased risk of neoplasia. Cat: adrenal suppression
184
Megestrol CI
Diabetic, pregnant
185
Megestrol MOA
Progestin hormone mimics the effects of progesterone. It feeds back on the pituitary to inhibit LH thus stopping maturation of follicles and ovulation.
186
Megestrol Therapeutic goal
Prevent ovulation
187
Melengesterol AE
Polyphagia, polydipsia, increased risk of diabetes, pyomentra, diarrhea, and increased risk of neoplasia. Cat: adrenal suppression
188
Melengesterol CI
Diabetic, pregnant
189
Melengesterol MOA
Progestin hormone mimics the effects of progesterone. It feeds back on the pituitary to inhibit LH thus stopping maturation of follicles and ovulation.
190
Melengesterol Therapeutic goal
Prevent ovulation
191
Meloxicam AE
Vomiting, diarrhea, ulcers, renal toxicity in dehydrated/renal dz
192
Meloxicam CI
GI or renal problems. Oral meloxicam has xylitol (toxic to dogs)
193
Meloxicam MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing
194
Meloxicam Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
195
Mepivacaine AE
High doses systemically: nervous system signs. Epidural admin: respiratory paralysis with high dose
196
Mepivacaine CI
None
197
Mepivacaine MOA
Antagonist of Na channels in nerves thus inhibiting neural conduction
198
Mepivacaine Therapeutic goal
Reduce pain
199
Methimazole AE
All dose dependent. Anorexia, vomiting. Cats: polyarthritis, alopecia, scaling and crusting of head and face, vasculitis, bone marrow changes, abnormal platelet counts, low blood counts over time.
200
Methimazole CI
Thrombocytopenia (bleeding problems), adverse reaction to propylthiouracil.
201
Methimazole MOA
Antithyroid drug serves as a substrate for thyroid peroxidase to inhibit it and decrease incorporation of iodide into T4 and T3. Also inhibits coupling of residues to T4 and T3.
202
Methimazole Therapeutic goal
Block T4 production
203
Methylprednisolone AE
Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis
204
Methylprednisolone CI
Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.
205
Methylprednisolone MOA
Corticosteroid with glucocorticoid effects. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.
206
Methylprednisolone Therapeutic goal
Replace glucocorticoid activity
207
Metoclopramide AE
Simular to acepromazine. Horses AEs are common: behavioral changes, excitement, abdominal discomfort. Calves: neruologic effects
208
Metoclopramide CI
Epilepsy, diseases caused by GI obstructions
209
Metoclopramide MOA
Antiemetic: stimulates motility of upper GI by stimulating 5-HT4 (serotonin) receptors, increase release of ACh in GI tract, anti-dopamine inhibits gastric relaxation
210
Metoclopramide Therapeutic goal
Antiemetic
211
Misoprostol AE
GI discomfort, vomiting, diarrhea, abortion.
212
Misoprostol CI
Pregnant
213
Misoprostol MOA
Synthetic analogue of PGE1 causing a cytoprotective effect on GI mucosa thus decreasing the damage to GI mucosa by NSAIDs.Anti-inflammatory effects.
214
Misoprostol Therapeutic goal
Antiulcer agent
215
Mitotane AE
Lethargy, weakness, anorexia, ataxia, depression, vomiting, signs of liver dz, head pressing, blindness
216
Mitotane CI
Must be able to monitor cortisol serum response.
217
Mitotane MOA
Cytotoxic agent that binds to adrenal proteins is converted to a reactive metabolite then destroys the cells of the zona fasciculata and reticularis of adrenal cortex.
218
Mitotane Therapeutic goal
Destroys adrenal cortex
219
Mycophenolate AE
to infection
220
Mycophenolate CI
Caution in prone to infection
221
Mycophenolate MOA
Inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase which is used for gene creation
222
Mycophenolate Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response
223
Naproxen AE
Vomiting, diarrhea, ulcers, renal toxicity in dehydrated/renal dz Dogs: severe ulceration. Repeated dose: renal ischemia/injury
224
Naproxen CI
Prone to GI ulcers, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids). Caution owners that human pill has too much drug for dog.
225
Naproxen MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation
226
Naproxen Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
227
N-butylscopolammonium bromide AE
Sympathetic effects: increase HR, decrease secretions, dry mucous membranes, decreased GI motility, dilated pupils.
228
N-butylscopolammonium bromide CI
When decreased motility is bad.
229
N-butylscopolammonium bromide MOA
Antispasmotic, antimuscarinic, anticholinergic. Inhibits secretions and motility of GI.
230
N-butylscopolammonium bromide Therapeutic goal
Decrease GI motility
231
Neostigmine AE
Parasympathetic effects: Diarrhea, increased secretions, miosis, bradycardia, muscle twitching, weakness, constriction of bronchi and ureters.
232
Neostigmine CI
Urinary or intestinal obstruction, asthma or bronchoconstriction, pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmias, patients sensitive to bromide. Caution when using in patients with seizures receiving bromide.
233
Neostigmine MOA
Cholinesterase inhibitor.
234
Neostigmine Therapeutic goal
Increase GI motility
235
Oclacitinib AE
Diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, lethargy
236
Oclacitinib CI
237
Oclacitinib MOA
Inhibits a variety of pruritogenic cytokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytokinse (JAK1 or JAK3 dependent) and involved in allergies.
238
Oclacitinib Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation
239
Omeprazole AE
Dogs: diarrhea.
240
Omeprazole CI
Xylitol is toxic dogs at high doses.
241
Omeprazole MOA
Antiulcer: Increases stomach pH by inhibiting gastric acid secretion by inhibiting K+/H+ pump.
242
Omeprazole Therapeutic goal
Antiulcer agent
243
Ondansetron AE
None
244
Ondansetron CI
None
245
Ondansetron MOA
Antiemetic: inhibits serotonin type 3 receptors (5-HT3),
246
Ondansetron Therapeutic goal
Antiemetic
247
Oxytocin AE
Uncommon
248
Oxytocin CI
Pregnant unless ment to induce parturition. Not until cervix is fully relaxed. Not if fetus is presented abnormally.
249
Oxytocin MOA
Stimulates oxytocin receptors to stimulate uterine muscle contractions. When admin near luteolysis it stimulates PGF2 alpha secretions and disrupts luteolysis.
250
Oxytocin Therapeutic goal
Terminate pregnancy
251
Pergolide AE
Inhibit prolactin, increase growth hormone, inhibit lactation, ataxia, dyskinesia. Humans: fibrotic valvulopathy. Horses: anorexia, diarrhea, colic, worsening of laminitis. Dogs: vomiting, tremors, anorexia, restlessness, diarrhea.
252
Pergolide CI
None
253
Pergolide MOA
Dopamin agonist that stimulates postsynaptic dopamine receptors (D1, D2). Dopamine then antagonises ACTH release which helps Cushing's dz expessially in horses.
254
Pergolide Therapeutic goal
Initiates cortisol production; replaces ACTH
255
Phenylbutazone AE
Gastritis, ulcers, renal injury/ischemia, Dog: bone marrow depression. Horses: GI ulcers, decreased proteoglycan synthesis in articular cartilage
256
Phenylbutazone CI
Don’t give IM. Prone to GI ulcers, compromised renal function, concurrently with ulcerogenic drugs (corticosteroids)
257
Phenylbutazone MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX thus inhibiting prostaglanding formation
258
Phenylbutazone Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
259
Physostigmine AE
Parasympathetic effects: Diarrhea, increased secretions, miosis, bradycardia, muscle twitching, weakness, constriction of bronchi and ureters.
260
Physostigmine CI
Do not administer with choline esters (bethanechol)
261
Physostigmine MOA
Cholinesterase inhibitor. Crosses the blood brain barrier.
262
Physostigmine Therapeutic goal
Increase GI motility
263
Piroxicam AE
GI toxicity, renal toxicity (previous dehydration or compromised renal function), toxic epidermal necrolysis
264
Piroxicam CI
Caution in dogs, renal dz, concurrently with other renal damaging drugs (cisplatin). Don't use human formulation. Prone to GI ulcers, pregnant.
265
Piroxicam MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing
266
Piroxicam Therapeutic goal
Reduce inflammation; Reduce fever; Reduce pain
267
Prednisolone AE
Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis
268
Prednisolone CI
Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.
269
Prednisolone MOA
Corticosteroid with glucocorticoid effects. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.
270
Prednisolone Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response; Reduce inflammation
271
Prednisone AE
Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis
272
Prednisone CI
Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.
273
Prednisone MOA
Corticosteroid with glucocorticoid effects. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.
274
Prednisone Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response; Reduce inflammation
275
Progesterone CIDR AE
None
276
Progesterone CIDR CI
Avoid contact in humans. Cattle of insufficient age, size, or mutant/infected genital organs for breeding. Pregnant
277
Progesterone CIDR MOA
Synthetic progesterone removal results in predictable return to estrus
278
Progesterone CIDR Therapeutic goal
Prevent ovulation
279
Proparacaine AE
Slight pain and conjunctival irritation, rare acute hyperallergic reaction
280
Proparacaine CI
None
281
Proparacaine MOA
Antagonist of Na channels in nerves thus inhibiting neural conduction
282
Proparacaine Therapeutic goal
Reduce pain
283
Pyridostigmine AE
Fewer AEs than Neostigmine. Parasympathetic effects: Diarrhea, increased secretions, miosis, bradycardia, muscle twitching, weakness, constriction of bronchi and ureters.
284
Pyridostigmine CI
Urinary or intestinal obstruction, asthma or bronchoconstriction, pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmias, patients sensitive to bromide. Caution when using in patients with seizures receiving bromide.
285
Pyridostigmine MOA
Cholinesterase inhibitor.
286
Pyridostigmine Therapeutic goal
Increase GI motility
287
Ranitidine AE
Human: high dose CNS signs. AEs only seen with decreased renal clearance.
288
Ranitidine CI
Renal disease/failure
289
Ranitidine MOA
Increase GI motility: Anticholinesterase. Increase stomach pH: Antagonist of H2 in gastric parietal cell.
290
Ranitidine Therapeutic goal
Increase GI motility
291
Robenacoxib AE
Vomiting, anorexia
292
Robenacoxib CI
None
293
Robenacoxib MOA
NSAID: inhibits COX, relatively COX 1 sparing
294
Robenacoxib Therapeutic goal
Reduce pain
295
Sucralfate AE
None
296
Sucralfate CI
None
297
Sucralfate MOA
Antiulcer: Gastric mucosa protectant: forms sucrose octasulfate and aluminum hydroxide in the stomach which binds to the damaged mucosa.
298
Sucralfate Therapeutic goal
Antiulcer agent
299
Tacrolimus AE
Burning/puritic with topical. GI signs with systemic administration
300
Tacrolimus CI
Prone to infection
301
Tacrolimus MOA
Binds to intracellular receptor and to calcineurin and inhibits that pathway to prevent stimulation of the nuclear factor (NFAT transcription factor for IL 2)
302
Tacrolimus Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response
303
Thyroxine AE
OD: signs of thyrotoxicosis which are polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, reduced heat tolerance and hyperactivity or personality change
304
Thyroxine CI
Thyrotoxicosis, acute mycardial infarction, uncorrected adrenal insufficiency.
305
Thyroxine MOA
Replace deficiency in thyroid
306
Thyroxine Therapeutic goal
Replace T4
307
Tramadol AE
Cats: vomiting, behavior changes, exitement, mydriasis, euphoria or dysphoria. Horses: short term agitation, decreased gut sounds, nervous signs, tachycardia, sweating. Dogs: sedation, very high dose- seizures
308
Tramadol CI
Caution if concurrent with CNS depressing drugs, renal dz, or seizure disorders
309
Tramadol MOA
Some mu-opioid receptor action, inhibits reuptake norepinephrine and serotonin 5 HT thus effects alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in pain paths
310
Tramadol Therapeutic goal
Reduce pain
311
Triamcinolone AE
Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. High dose glucocorticoids in neurologic patients can lead to excitotoxic cell death and oxidative injury. Horse: additional laminitis
312
Triamcinolone AE
Polyphagia, PUPD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, GI ulceration, hepatopathy, increased risk of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased protein synthesis, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression and secondary infection. Horse: additional laminitis
313
Triamcinolone CI
Use cautiously when prone to ulcers, infection, or wound healing, diabetes, renal failure, pregnancy.
314
Triamcinolone CI
Caution in prone to ulcers, infection, wounds, diabetic, renal failure, pregnant.
315
Triamcinolone MOA
glucocorticoid. Anti inflammator via inhibition of inflammatory cells and suppression of DNA expression of inflammatory mediators.
316
Triamcinolone MOA
Corticosteroid with glucocorticoid effects. Inhibits inflammatory cells, suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.
317
Triamcinolone Therapeutic goal
Suppress immune response; Reduce inflammation
318
Triamcinolone Therapeutic goal
Replace glucocorticoid activity
319
Trilostane AE
Transient lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, decreased aldosterone, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia.
320
Trilostane CI
Use caution in animals with low potassium. Don’t use with aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone).
321
Trilostane MOA
Inhibits synthesis of cortisol in dogs. Inhibits 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenate thus interferring with cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex. Used for pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs.
322
Trilostane Therapeutic goal
Block cortisol production
