Test 1 - Ch 3 - The Cells Flashcards
1
Q
channel proteins
A
allow hydrophilic solutes and water to pass thru membrane
2
Q
chromatin
A
thread like composed of DNA and protein
3
Q
enzymes
A
catalyze reactions including digestion of molecules, production of second messengers
4
Q
what are 3 membrane parts
A
- membrane lipids
- membrane proteins
- membrane carbohydrates
5
Q
active transport mechanisms
A
- DOES require ATP
- usually move molecules up a concentration gradient
6
Q
antophagy
A
digestion of cell’s surplus organelles
7
Q
receptor-mediated endocytosis
A
moves it into the cell and exocytosis moves it out the other side
8
Q
glycocalyx
A
fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane
9
Q
cell theory
A
- all organisms composed of cells and cell products
- cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life
- organism’s structure and functions are due to activities of cells
- cells come only from preexisting cells
- cells of all species exhibit biochemical similarities
10
Q
nuclear envelope
A
double membrane around nucleus
11
Q
cilia
A
hairlike processes
single, nonmotile primary cilium found on nearly every cell
12
Q
peroxisomes
A
resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by endoplasmic reticulum
13
Q
what are functions of membrane proteins
A
receptors, second messenger systems, enzymes, channels, carriers, cell identity markers, cell adhesion molecules
14
Q
phagocytosis
A
‘cell eating’
engulfing large particles
15
Q
what are the functions of lysosomes
A
- intracellular hydrolytic digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids and other substances
16
Q
passive transport mechanisms
A
- no ATP
- movement down a concentration gradient
17
Q
microtubules
A
- 25 nm thick
- consist of protofilaments made of protein tubulin
- radiate from centrosome; can come and go
- maintain cell shape, hold organelles, act as railroad tracks for walking motor proteins, make axonemes of cilia and flagella, form mitotic spindle
18
Q
proteosomes
A
hollow, cylindrical organelle that disposed of surplus proteins
19
Q
carrier mediated transport
A
- transport proteins in membrane carry solutes into or out of cell (or organelle)
- carrier moves solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient
- uses ATP for energy
20
Q
3 kinds of carrier mediated transport
A
- uniport: carries one type of solute
- symport: carries two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction (cotransport)
- antiport: carries two or more solutes in opposite directions (counter transport)
21
Q
hypertonic solution
A
causes cell to lose water and shrivel
22
Q
pinocytosis
A
‘cell drinking’
taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell
23
Q
rough endoplasmic reticulum
A
parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes
24
Q
membranous organelles
A
nucleus
mitochondria
lysosomes
peroxisomes
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
25
nonmembranous organelles
ribosomes
centrosomes
centrioles
basal bodies
26
cytoplasm
- organelles
- cytoskeleton
- inclusions (stored or foreign particles)
- cytosol (intracellular fluid, ICF)
27
polygonal
irregularly angular shapes, multiple sides
28
endoplasmic reticulum
system of channels (cisternae) enclosed by membrane
29
functions of glycocalyx
protection
immunity to infection
defense against cancer
transplant compatibility
cell adhesion
fertilization
embryonic development
30
simple diffusion
net movement of particles from place of high concentration to place of lower concentration
31
Golgi complex
a system of cisternae that synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on protein synthesis
32
spheroid to ovoid
round to oval
33
stellate
star like
34
fibrous
thread like
35
mitchondria
- organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP
- continually change shape from spheroidal to thread like
- surrounded by a double membrane
- 'powerhouses' of the cell
36
cuboidal
squarish looking
37
organelles
internal structures of a cell, carry out specialized metabolic tasks
38
hypotonic solution
causes cell to absorb water and swell
39
extracellular fluid (ECF)
- fluid outside of cells
- includes tissue (interstitial) fluid
40
vesicular transport
- moves large particles, fluid droplets or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles
- utilizes motor proteins energized by ATP
41
nucleoli
masses where ribosomes are produced
42
plasma (cell) membrane
- surrounds cell, defines boundaries
- made of proteins and lipids
43
pseudopods
continually changing extensions of the cell that vary in shape and size
44
autolysis
'cell suicide', digestion of a surplus cell by itself
45
cystic fibrosis
- hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps, but fail to install them in the plasma membrane
- thick mucus plugs pancreatic ducts and respiratory tract
46
receptor mediated endocytosis
particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane
47
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- lack ribosomes
- cisternae more tubular and branching
- cisternae thought to be continuous with rough ER
- synthesizes steroids and other lipids
- detoxifies alcohol and other drugs
- calcium storage
48
centroile
a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each
49
describe the membrane transport
- plasma membrane is selectively permeable allowing some things through but preventing others from passing
- passive mechanisms require no ATP
- active mechanisms consume ATP
- carrier mediated mechanisms use a membrane protein to transport substances across membrane
50
passive carrier mediated transport
- does not consume ATP
- solute attaches to binding site on carrier, carrier changes conformation, then releases solute on other side of membrane
51
microvilli
- extensions of membrane
- on some absorptive cells they are very dense and appear as a fringe
52
what are the functions of the plasma membrane
- defines cell boundaries
- governs interactions with other cells
- controls passage of materials in and out of cell
53
transcytosis
transport of material across the cell by capturing it on one side and releasing it on the other
54
receptors
bind chemical signals
55
flagella
- tail of a sperm: only functional flagellum in humans
- whip like structure with axoneme identical to cilium's
- movement is undulating, snake like, corkscrew
56
tonicity
ability of a surrounding solution (bath) to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell
57
cytology
scientific study of cells
58
exocytosis
discharging material from the cell
59
columnar
taller than wide
60
microfilaments
- 6 nm thick
- made of actin protein
- forms terminal web
61
peripheral proteins
- adhere to one face of the membrane (do not penetrate it)
- usually tethered to the cytoskeleton
62
vesicles
bubble like enclosures of membrane
63
osmosis
net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane
64
fusiform
thick in middle, tapered toward the ends
65
squamous
thin, flat, scaly
66
second messenger systems
communicate within cell receiving chemical message
67
intermediate filaments
- 8 to 10 nm thick
- within skin cells, made of protein keratin
- give cell shape, resist stress
68
ribosomes
small granules of protein and RNA
- found in nucleoli, in cytosol, and on outer surfaces of rough ER, and nuclear envelope
69
lysosomes
package of enzymes bound by a membrane
- generally round but variable in shape
70
discoid
disc shaped
71
nucleoplasm
material in nucleus
72
what are 2 kinds of inclusions
- stored cellular products
- foreign bodies
73
filtration
particles are driven thru membrane by physical pressure
ex. filtration of water and small solutes through gaps in capillary walls
74
the cytoskeleton
- network of proteins filaments and cylinders
- determines cell shape, supports structure, organizes cell contents, directs movement of materials within cell, contributes to movements of the cell as a whole
75
what is the function of peroxisomes
to use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules
76
plasma membrane
border of the cell
- appears as pair of dark parallel lines when viewed with electron microscope
- has intracellular and extracellular faces
77
nucleus
largest organelle
can be anuclear or multinucleate
78
endocytosis
vesicular processes that bring material into cell
79
isotonic solution
causes no change in cell volume
