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Anatomy Lecture > Test 1 - Ch 3 - The Cells > Flashcards

Test 1 - Ch 3 - The Cells Flashcards

1
Q

channel proteins

A

allow hydrophilic solutes and water to pass thru membrane

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2
Q

chromatin

A

thread like composed of DNA and protein

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3
Q

enzymes

A

catalyze reactions including digestion of molecules, production of second messengers

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4
Q

what are 3 membrane parts

A
  • membrane lipids
  • membrane proteins
  • membrane carbohydrates
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5
Q

active transport mechanisms

A
  • DOES require ATP
  • usually move molecules up a concentration gradient
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6
Q

antophagy

A

digestion of cell’s surplus organelles

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7
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

moves it into the cell and exocytosis moves it out the other side

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8
Q

glycocalyx

A

fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane

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9
Q

cell theory

A
  • all organisms composed of cells and cell products
  • cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life
  • organism’s structure and functions are due to activities of cells
  • cells come only from preexisting cells
  • cells of all species exhibit biochemical similarities
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10
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane around nucleus

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11
Q

cilia

A

hairlike processes
single, nonmotile primary cilium found on nearly every cell

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12
Q

peroxisomes

A

resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

what are functions of membrane proteins

A

receptors, second messenger systems, enzymes, channels, carriers, cell identity markers, cell adhesion molecules

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14
Q

phagocytosis

A

‘cell eating’
engulfing large particles

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15
Q

what are the functions of lysosomes

A
  • intracellular hydrolytic digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids and other substances
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16
Q

passive transport mechanisms

A
  • no ATP
  • movement down a concentration gradient
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17
Q

microtubules

A
  • 25 nm thick
  • consist of protofilaments made of protein tubulin
  • radiate from centrosome; can come and go
  • maintain cell shape, hold organelles, act as railroad tracks for walking motor proteins, make axonemes of cilia and flagella, form mitotic spindle
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18
Q

proteosomes

A

hollow, cylindrical organelle that disposed of surplus proteins

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19
Q

carrier mediated transport

A
  • transport proteins in membrane carry solutes into or out of cell (or organelle)
  • carrier moves solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient
  • uses ATP for energy
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20
Q

3 kinds of carrier mediated transport

A
  • uniport: carries one type of solute
  • symport: carries two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction (cotransport)
  • antiport: carries two or more solutes in opposite directions (counter transport)
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21
Q

hypertonic solution

A

causes cell to lose water and shrivel

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22
Q

pinocytosis

A

‘cell drinking’
taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell

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23
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes

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24
Q

membranous organelles

A

nucleus
mitochondria
lysosomes
peroxisomes
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex

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25
Q

nonmembranous organelles

A

ribosomes
centrosomes
centrioles
basal bodies

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26
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • organelles
  • cytoskeleton
  • inclusions (stored or foreign particles)
  • cytosol (intracellular fluid, ICF)
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27
Q

polygonal

A

irregularly angular shapes, multiple sides

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28
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of channels (cisternae) enclosed by membrane

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29
Q

functions of glycocalyx

A

protection
immunity to infection
defense against cancer
transplant compatibility
cell adhesion
fertilization
embryonic development

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30
Q

simple diffusion

A

net movement of particles from place of high concentration to place of lower concentration

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31
Q

Golgi complex

A

a system of cisternae that synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on protein synthesis

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32
Q

spheroid to ovoid

A

round to oval

33
Q

stellate

A

star like

34
Q

fibrous

A

thread like

35
Q

mitchondria

A
  • organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP
  • continually change shape from spheroidal to thread like
  • surrounded by a double membrane
  • ‘powerhouses’ of the cell
36
Q

cuboidal

A

squarish looking

37
Q

organelles

A

internal structures of a cell, carry out specialized metabolic tasks

38
Q

hypotonic solution

A

causes cell to absorb water and swell

39
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A
  • fluid outside of cells
  • includes tissue (interstitial) fluid
40
Q

vesicular transport

A
  • moves large particles, fluid droplets or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles
  • utilizes motor proteins energized by ATP
41
Q

nucleoli

A

masses where ribosomes are produced

42
Q

plasma (cell) membrane

A
  • surrounds cell, defines boundaries
  • made of proteins and lipids
43
Q

pseudopods

A

continually changing extensions of the cell that vary in shape and size

44
Q

autolysis

A

‘cell suicide’, digestion of a surplus cell by itself

45
Q

cystic fibrosis

A
  • hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps, but fail to install them in the plasma membrane
  • thick mucus plugs pancreatic ducts and respiratory tract
46
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane

47
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • lack ribosomes
  • cisternae more tubular and branching
  • cisternae thought to be continuous with rough ER
  • synthesizes steroids and other lipids
  • detoxifies alcohol and other drugs
  • calcium storage
48
Q

centroile

A

a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each

49
Q

describe the membrane transport

A
  • plasma membrane is selectively permeable allowing some things through but preventing others from passing
  • passive mechanisms require no ATP
  • active mechanisms consume ATP
  • carrier mediated mechanisms use a membrane protein to transport substances across membrane
50
Q

passive carrier mediated transport

A
  • does not consume ATP
  • solute attaches to binding site on carrier, carrier changes conformation, then releases solute on other side of membrane
51
Q

microvilli

A
  • extensions of membrane
  • on some absorptive cells they are very dense and appear as a fringe
52
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

A
  • defines cell boundaries
  • governs interactions with other cells
  • controls passage of materials in and out of cell
53
Q

transcytosis

A

transport of material across the cell by capturing it on one side and releasing it on the other

54
Q

receptors

A

bind chemical signals

55
Q

flagella

A
  • tail of a sperm: only functional flagellum in humans
  • whip like structure with axoneme identical to cilium’s
  • movement is undulating, snake like, corkscrew
56
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a surrounding solution (bath) to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell

57
Q

cytology

A

scientific study of cells

58
Q

exocytosis

A

discharging material from the cell

59
Q

columnar

A

taller than wide

60
Q

microfilaments

A
  • 6 nm thick
  • made of actin protein
  • forms terminal web
61
Q

peripheral proteins

A
  • adhere to one face of the membrane (do not penetrate it)
  • usually tethered to the cytoskeleton
62
Q

vesicles

A

bubble like enclosures of membrane

63
Q

osmosis

A

net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane

64
Q

fusiform

A

thick in middle, tapered toward the ends

65
Q

squamous

A

thin, flat, scaly

66
Q

second messenger systems

A

communicate within cell receiving chemical message

67
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • 8 to 10 nm thick
  • within skin cells, made of protein keratin
  • give cell shape, resist stress
68
Q

ribosomes

A

small granules of protein and RNA
- found in nucleoli, in cytosol, and on outer surfaces of rough ER, and nuclear envelope

69
Q

lysosomes

A

package of enzymes bound by a membrane
- generally round but variable in shape

70
Q

discoid

A

disc shaped

71
Q

nucleoplasm

A

material in nucleus

72
Q

what are 2 kinds of inclusions

A
  • stored cellular products
  • foreign bodies
73
Q

filtration

A

particles are driven thru membrane by physical pressure

ex. filtration of water and small solutes through gaps in capillary walls

74
Q

the cytoskeleton

A
  • network of proteins filaments and cylinders
  • determines cell shape, supports structure, organizes cell contents, directs movement of materials within cell, contributes to movements of the cell as a whole
75
Q

what is the function of peroxisomes

A

to use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules

76
Q

plasma membrane

A

border of the cell

  • appears as pair of dark parallel lines when viewed with electron microscope
  • has intracellular and extracellular faces
77
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelle
can be anuclear or multinucleate

78
Q

endocytosis

A

vesicular processes that bring material into cell

79
Q

isotonic solution

A

causes no change in cell volume

Anatomy Lecture (11 decks)

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