Test 1 - Ch 2 - Organic Chemistry of Life

Question 1

hydrolysis

Answer 1

digestion; the opposite of dehydration synthesis, splitting a polymer by the addition of a water molecule

• water molecule ionizes into -OH and -H
• the covalent bond linking one monomer to the other is broken
• the -OH is added to one monomer
• the -H is added to the other

Question 2

dehydration synthesis

Answer 2

monomers covalently bind together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule

Question 3

macromolecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits

Answer 3

polymers

Question 4

peptide bond

Answer 4

joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next
- formed by dehydration synthesis

Question 5

conformation

Answer 5

unique, three dimensional shape of protein crucial to function

Question 6

fatty acids

Answer 6

• chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other
• saturated fatty acids have a lot of hydrogen
  unsaturated fatty acids contain some double bonds between carbons in chain
  essential fatty acids must be obtained from food

Question 7

steroid

Answer 7

a lipid with 17 carbon atoms in four rings

Question 8

3 examples of polysaccharides

Answer 8

glycogen
starch
cellulose

Question 9

describe Carbon

Answer 9

• has 4 valence electrons: binds with other atoms that can provide it with four more electrons to fill its valence shell
• carbon atoms bind readily with each other to form carbon backbones
• form long chains, branched molecules, and rings
• form covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and other elements
• carbon backbones carry a variety of functional groups

Question 10

joining monomers to form a polymer

Answer 10

polymerization

Question 11

what is the function of carbohydrates: sugars and starches

Answer 11

easily accessible, readily available energy source

Question 12

what are 3 important disaccharides

Answer 12

sucrose - table sugar (glucose + fructose)
lactose - sugar in milk (glucose + galactose)
maltose - grain products (glucose + glucose)

Question 13

trans-fatty acids

Answer 13

• two covalent single C-C bonds angle in opposites on each side of the C=C double bond
• resist enzymatic breakdown in the human body, remain in circulation longer, deposits in the arteries; thus raises the risk of heart disease

Question 14

oligosaccharides

Answer 14

short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides (at least 10)

Question 15

study of compounds containing carbon

Answer 15

organic chemistry

Question 16

polymerization

Answer 16

joining monomers to form a polymer

Question 17

organic chemistry

Answer 17

study of compounds containing carbon

Question 18

enzymes

Answer 18

proteins that function as biological catalysts

Question 19

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

Answer 19

‘bad’ cholesterol

• high ratio of lipid to protein
• contributes to cardiovascular disease

Question 20

what are the 3 important monosaccharides

Answer 20

glucose
galactose
fructose

Question 21

disaccharide

Answer 21

sugar made of two monosaccharides

Question 22

polysaccharides

Answer 22

long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50)

Question 23

lipids

Answer 23

• hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
• have more calories per gram than carbohydrates

Question 24

peptide

Answer 24

any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
- named for the number of amino acids

Question 25

hydrophobic

Answer 25

fatty acid ‘tails’

Question 26

HDL (high density lipoprotein)

Answer 26

‘good’ cholesterol

• lower ratio of lipid to protein
• may help prevent cardiovascular disease

Question 27

monomers covalently bind together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule

Answer 27

dehydration synthesis

Question 28

hydrophillic

Answer 28

phosphate ‘head’

Question 29

very large organic molecules with high molecular weights

Answer 29

macromolecules

Question 30

dehydration synthesis (condensation)

Answer 30

how living cells form polymers
- a hydroxyl (-OH) group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen (-H) from another producing water as a by-product

Question 31

macromolecules

Answer 31

very large organic molecules with high molecular weights

Question 32

5 primary types of lipids in humans

Answer 32

fatty acids
triglycerides
phospholipids
eicosanoids
steroids

Question 33

cholesterol

Answer 33

• the ‘parent’ steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized
• important for nervous system function and structural integrity of all cell membranes

Question 34

phospholipids

Answer 34

similar to neutral fats except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group

Question 35

digestion; the opposite of dehydration synthesis, splitting a polymer by the addition of a water molecule

Answer 35

hydrolysis

Question 36

protein

Answer 36

a polymer of amino acids

Question 37

polymers

Answer 37

macromolecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits (monomers)

Question 38

what is the function of lipids: fats, oils, waxes

Answer 38

long-term energy storage/waterproofing

Question 39

how living cells form polymers

Answer 39

dehydration synthesis (condensation)

Question 40

denaturation

Answer 40

extreme conformational change that destroys function

ex. when you cook an egg

Question 41

what are the 4 categories of carbon compounds

Answer 41

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acids

Question 42

cis-fatty acids

Answer 42

two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double bond

Question 43

functional groups

Answer 43

small clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbone