Test 1 - Ch 2 - Organic Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

hydrolysis

A

digestion; the opposite of dehydration synthesis, splitting a polymer by the addition of a water molecule

  • water molecule ionizes into -OH and -H
  • the covalent bond linking one monomer to the other is broken
  • the -OH is added to one monomer
  • the -H is added to the other
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2
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

monomers covalently bind together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule

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3
Q

macromolecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits

A

polymers

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4
Q

peptide bond

A

joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next
- formed by dehydration synthesis

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5
Q

conformation

A

unique, three dimensional shape of protein crucial to function

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6
Q

fatty acids

A
  • chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other
  • saturated fatty acids have a lot of hydrogen
    unsaturated fatty acids contain some double bonds between carbons in chain
    essential fatty acids must be obtained from food
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7
Q

steroid

A

a lipid with 17 carbon atoms in four rings

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8
Q

3 examples of polysaccharides

A

glycogen
starch
cellulose

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9
Q

describe Carbon

A
  • has 4 valence electrons: binds with other atoms that can provide it with four more electrons to fill its valence shell
  • carbon atoms bind readily with each other to form carbon backbones
  • form long chains, branched molecules, and rings
  • form covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and other elements
  • carbon backbones carry a variety of functional groups
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10
Q

joining monomers to form a polymer

A

polymerization

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11
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates: sugars and starches

A

easily accessible, readily available energy source

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12
Q

what are 3 important disaccharides

A

sucrose - table sugar (glucose + fructose)
lactose - sugar in milk (glucose + galactose)
maltose - grain products (glucose + glucose)

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13
Q

trans-fatty acids

A
  • two covalent single C-C bonds angle in opposites on each side of the C=C double bond
  • resist enzymatic breakdown in the human body, remain in circulation longer, deposits in the arteries; thus raises the risk of heart disease
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14
Q

oligosaccharides

A

short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides (at least 10)

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15
Q

study of compounds containing carbon

A

organic chemistry

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16
Q

polymerization

A

joining monomers to form a polymer

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17
Q

organic chemistry

A

study of compounds containing carbon

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18
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that function as biological catalysts

19
Q

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

A

‘bad’ cholesterol

  • high ratio of lipid to protein
  • contributes to cardiovascular disease
20
Q

what are the 3 important monosaccharides

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

21
Q

disaccharide

A

sugar made of two monosaccharides

22
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50)

23
Q

lipids

A
  • hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
  • have more calories per gram than carbohydrates
24
Q

peptide

A

any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
- named for the number of amino acids

25
Q

hydrophobic

A

fatty acid ‘tails’

26
Q

HDL (high density lipoprotein)

A

‘good’ cholesterol

  • lower ratio of lipid to protein
  • may help prevent cardiovascular disease
27
Q

monomers covalently bind together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule

A

dehydration synthesis

28
Q

hydrophillic

A

phosphate ‘head’

29
Q

very large organic molecules with high molecular weights

A

macromolecules

30
Q

dehydration synthesis (condensation)

A

how living cells form polymers
- a hydroxyl (-OH) group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen (-H) from another producing water as a by-product

31
Q

macromolecules

A

very large organic molecules with high molecular weights

32
Q

5 primary types of lipids in humans

A

fatty acids
triglycerides
phospholipids
eicosanoids
steroids

33
Q

cholesterol

A
  • the ‘parent’ steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized
  • important for nervous system function and structural integrity of all cell membranes
34
Q

phospholipids

A

similar to neutral fats except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group

35
Q

digestion; the opposite of dehydration synthesis, splitting a polymer by the addition of a water molecule

A

hydrolysis

36
Q

protein

A

a polymer of amino acids

37
Q

polymers

A

macromolecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits (monomers)

38
Q

what is the function of lipids: fats, oils, waxes

A

long-term energy storage/waterproofing

39
Q

how living cells form polymers

A

dehydration synthesis (condensation)

40
Q

denaturation

A

extreme conformational change that destroys function

ex. when you cook an egg

41
Q

what are the 4 categories of carbon compounds

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
42
Q

cis-fatty acids

A

two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double bond

43
Q

functional groups

A

small clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbone