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Anatomy Lecture > Test 1 - Ch 2 - Basic Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Test 1 - Ch 2 - Basic Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

particle that loses electrons (net positive)

A

cation

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2
Q

buffers

A

chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

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3
Q

______ of an element accounts for the fact that an element is a mixture of isotopes

A

atomic weight

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4
Q

ion

A

charged particle (atom or molecule) with unequal number of protons and electron

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5
Q

symptoms of acidosis

A

headache
sleepiness
confusion
loss of consciousness
coma
seizures
weakness
diarrhea
shortness of breath
coughing
arrhythmia
increased heart rate
nausea
vomitting

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6
Q

chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

A

buffers

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7
Q

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

A

element

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8
Q

a proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions)

A

base

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9
Q

charged particle (atom or molecule) with unequal number of protons and electron

A

ion

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10
Q

antioxidants

A
  • chemicals that neutralize free radicals
  • superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme in the body
  • Selenium, vitamin E, vitamin C and carotenoids are antioxidants obtained through the diet
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11
Q

the number of protons and neutrons

A

atomic mass

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12
Q

ionization

A

transfer of electrons from one atom to another

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13
Q

electrolytes

A
  • substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current
  • chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical excitability of nerve and muscle
  • electrolyte balance is one of the most important considerations in patient care (imbalances can lead to coma or cardiac arrest)
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14
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in its nucleus

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15
Q

how are elements arranged on the periodic table

A

by atomic number

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16
Q

valence electrons

A
  • orbit in the outermost shell and determine chemical bonding properties of an atom
  • limits to number of electrons that can fill each orbital
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17
Q

number of protons in its nucleus

A

atomic number

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18
Q

negatively charge particles circling nucleus in orbitals/shells

A

electrons

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19
Q

orbit in the outermost shell and determine chemical bonding properties of an atom

A

valence electrons

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20
Q
  • short lived particles with an unpaid valance electron - very reactive!
A

free radicals

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21
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter

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22
Q

what are the 6 elements that make up 98.5% of the human body weight

A

carbon C
hydrogen H
oxygen O
nitrogen N
phosphorus P
calcium Ca

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23
Q

physical half life

A

time required for 50% of radioisotopes to decay to a stable state

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24
Q

element

A

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

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25
Q

anion

A

particle that gains electrons (net negative)

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26
Q

a pH of less than 7 is ______

A

acidic solution

27
Q

protons

A
  • positively charged particles found in nucleus
  • has mass 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
28
Q

examples of radiation

A
  • UV radiation
  • X-rays
  • alpha particles
  • beta particles
  • gamma rays
29
Q

electrons are in _____ motion but hold relative positions in the atom

A

constant

30
Q

positively charged particles found in nucleus

A

protons

31
Q

what is matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

  • solids
  • liquids
  • gases
32
Q

atomic mass

A

the number of protons and neutrons

33
Q

radioisotopes

A
  • unstable isotopes that decay and give off radiation
  • every element has at least one
34
Q
  • unstable isotopes that decay and give off radiation
  • every element has at least one
A

radioisotopes

35
Q

an atom in the most stable when outer shell of electrons is full

A

octet rule

36
Q

neutral particles in nucleus

A

neutrons

37
Q

a pH of 7.0 is _____

A

neutral pH

38
Q

describe water

A
  • chemical reactivity: ability to participate in chemical reactions
  • water ionizes into H+ and OH-
  • water ionizes many other chemicals (acids and salts)
39
Q

a pH of greater than 7 is _____

A

basic solution

40
Q

maintaining normal (slightly basic) pH of _____ is crucial fr physiological functions

A

blood

41
Q

neutrons

A
  • neutral particles in nucleus
  • has mass 1 amu
42
Q

isotopes

A
  • varieties of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons
  • extra neutrons increase atomic weight
  • isotopes of an element are chemically similar because they have the same number of valence electrons
43
Q

cation

A

particle that loses electrons (net positive)

44
Q

smallest unit of matter

A

atom

45
Q

electrons

A
  • negatively charge particles circling nucleus in orbitals/shells
  • negligible mass
46
Q

transfer of electrons from one atom to another

A

ionization

47
Q

substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current

A

electrolytes

48
Q

biological half life

A

time required for 50% of radioisotopes to disappear from the body

49
Q

free radicals

A
  • short lived particles with an unpaid valance electron - very reactive!
  • produced by normal metabolic reactions, radiation, certain chemicals
  • trigger reactions that destroy molecules and can cause cancer, death of heart tissue and aging
50
Q

electrolytes

A

mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function

51
Q

inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to humans

A

minerals

52
Q

acid

A

a proton donor (releases H+ ions in water)

53
Q

particle that gains electrons (net negative)

A

anion

54
Q

a proton donor (releases H+ ions in water)

A

acid

55
Q

chemicals that neutralize free radicals

A

antioxidants

56
Q

varieties of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons

A

isotopes

57
Q

minerals

A
  • inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to humans
  • Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na and S
  • constitute about 4% of body weight
  • important for body structure
  • important for enzymes’ functions
58
Q

base

A

a proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions)

many bases release OH-

59
Q

mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function

A

electrolytes

60
Q

intense radiation can be ____ (ejects electrons, destroys molecules, creates free radicals) and can cause genetic mutations and cancer

A

ionizing

61
Q

a change of ____ number on the pH scale represents a 10-fold change in H+ concentration

A

one

62
Q

octet rule

A
  • an atom in the most stable when outer shell of electrons is full
  • first orbital = holds maximum of 2 electrons
  • second orbital = holds maximum of 8 electrons
  • third orbital = hold maximum of 8 electrons
63
Q

pH

A
  • is a measure derived from the molarity of H+
  • measurement of molarity of H+ on a logarithmic scale

Anatomy Lecture (11 decks)

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