Test 1 - Ch 2 - Basic Chemistry of Life

Question 1

particle that loses electrons (net positive)

Answer 1

cation

Question 2

buffers

Answer 2

chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

Question 3

______ of an element accounts for the fact that an element is a mixture of isotopes

Answer 3

atomic weight

Question 4

ion

Answer 4

charged particle (atom or molecule) with unequal number of protons and electron

Question 5

symptoms of acidosis

Answer 5

headache
sleepiness
confusion
loss of consciousness
coma
seizures
weakness
diarrhea
shortness of breath
coughing
arrhythmia
increased heart rate
nausea
vomitting

Question 6

chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

Answer 6

buffers

Question 7

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

Answer 7

element

Question 8

a proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions)

Answer 8

base

Question 9

charged particle (atom or molecule) with unequal number of protons and electron

Answer 9

ion

Question 10

antioxidants

Answer 10

• chemicals that neutralize free radicals
• superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme in the body
• Selenium, vitamin E, vitamin C and carotenoids are antioxidants obtained through the diet

Question 11

the number of protons and neutrons

Answer 11

atomic mass

Question 12

ionization

Answer 12

transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Question 13

electrolytes

Answer 13

• substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current
• chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical excitability of nerve and muscle
• electrolyte balance is one of the most important considerations in patient care (imbalances can lead to coma or cardiac arrest)

Question 14

atomic number

Answer 14

number of protons in its nucleus

Question 15

how are elements arranged on the periodic table

Answer 15

by atomic number

Question 16

valence electrons

Answer 16

• orbit in the outermost shell and determine chemical bonding properties of an atom
• limits to number of electrons that can fill each orbital

Question 17

number of protons in its nucleus

Answer 17

atomic number

Question 18

negatively charge particles circling nucleus in orbitals/shells

Answer 18

electrons

Question 19

orbit in the outermost shell and determine chemical bonding properties of an atom

Answer 19

valence electrons

Question 20

• short lived particles with an unpaid valance electron - very reactive!

Answer 20

free radicals

Question 21

atom

Answer 21

smallest unit of matter

Question 22

what are the 6 elements that make up 98.5% of the human body weight

Answer 22

carbon C
hydrogen H
oxygen O
nitrogen N
phosphorus P
calcium Ca

Question 23

physical half life

Answer 23

time required for 50% of radioisotopes to decay to a stable state

Question 24

element

Answer 24

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

Question 25

anion

Answer 25

particle that gains electrons (net negative)

Question 26

a pH of less than 7 is \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 26

acidic solution

Question 27

protons

Answer 27

- positively charged particles found in nucleus - has mass 1 amu (atomic mass unit)

Question 28

examples of radiation

Answer 28

- UV radiation - X-rays - alpha particles - beta particles - gamma rays

Question 29

electrons are in _____ motion but hold relative positions in the atom

Answer 29

constant

Question 30

positively charged particles found in nucleus

Answer 30

protons

Question 31

what is matter

Answer 31

anything that has mass and takes up space - solids - liquids - gases

Question 32

atomic mass

Answer 32

the number of protons and neutrons

Question 33

radioisotopes

Answer 33

- unstable isotopes that decay and give off radiation - every element has at least one

Question 34

- unstable isotopes that decay and give off radiation - every element has at least one

Answer 34

radioisotopes

Question 35

an atom in the most stable when outer shell of electrons is full

Answer 35

octet rule

Question 36

neutral particles in nucleus

Answer 36

neutrons

Question 37

a pH of 7.0 is \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 37

neutral pH

Question 38

describe water

Answer 38

- chemical reactivity: ability to participate in chemical reactions - water ionizes into H+ and OH- - water ionizes many other chemicals (acids and salts)

Question 39

a pH of greater than 7 is \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 39

basic solution

Question 40

maintaining normal (slightly basic) pH of _____ is crucial fr physiological functions

Answer 40

blood

Question 41

neutrons

Answer 41

- neutral particles in nucleus - has mass 1 amu

Question 42

isotopes

Answer 42

- varieties of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons - extra neutrons increase atomic weight - isotopes of an element are chemically similar because they have the same number of valence electrons

Question 43

cation

Answer 43

particle that loses electrons (net positive)

Question 44

smallest unit of matter

Answer 44

atom

Question 45

electrons

Answer 45

- negatively charge particles circling nucleus in orbitals/shells - negligible mass

Question 46

transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Answer 46

ionization

Question 47

substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current

Answer 47

electrolytes

Question 48

biological half life

Answer 48

time required for 50% of radioisotopes to disappear from the body

Question 49

free radicals

Answer 49

- short lived particles with an unpaid valance electron - very reactive! - produced by normal metabolic reactions, radiation, certain chemicals - trigger reactions that destroy molecules and can cause cancer, death of heart tissue and aging

Question 50

electrolytes

Answer 50

mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function

Question 51

inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to humans

Answer 51

minerals

Question 52

acid

Answer 52

a proton donor (releases H+ ions in water)

Question 53

particle that gains electrons (net negative)

Answer 53

anion

Question 54

a proton donor (releases H+ ions in water)

Answer 54

acid

Question 55

chemicals that neutralize free radicals

Answer 55

antioxidants

Question 56

varieties of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons

Answer 56

isotopes

Question 57

minerals

Answer 57

- inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to humans - Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na and S - constitute about 4% of body weight - important for body structure - important for enzymes' functions

Question 58

base

Answer 58

a proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions) many bases release OH-

Question 59

mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function

Answer 59

electrolytes

Question 60

intense radiation can be ____ (ejects electrons, destroys molecules, creates free radicals) and can cause genetic mutations and cancer

Answer 60

ionizing

Question 61

a change of ____ number on the pH scale represents a 10-fold change in H+ concentration

Answer 61

one

Question 62

octet rule

Answer 62

- an atom in the most stable when outer shell of electrons is full - first orbital = holds maximum of 2 electrons - second orbital = holds maximum of 8 electrons - third orbital = hold maximum of 8 electrons

Question 63

pH

Answer 63

- is a measure derived from the molarity of H+ - measurement of molarity of H+ on a logarithmic scale